Rotational Motion of a Solute Molecule in a Highly Viscous Liquid Studied byC NMR: 1,3-Dibromoadamantane in Polymeric Chlorotrifluoroethene

The viscosity-dependent retarding effect of a polymeric solvent on the rotation of small solute molecules is investigated by¹³C NMR relaxation measurements. It is found that the relaxation data of 1,3-dibromoadamantane in highly viscous polymeric chlorotrifluoroethene can be explained neither by isotropic nor by realistic anisotropic tumbling in a single environment. The experimental data are rationalized in terms of fast exchange between at least two environments with correlation times differing by up to two orders of magnitude. The study shows that a uniform retardation of molecular tumbling by a polymeric solvent, desirable for shifting the NMR observation window in studies of intramolecular mobility, is not always feasible.     

Spectroscopic characteristics of relaxing systems

The motion of a relaxing system can be revealed by its optical properties. the computed emission spectrum of an excited solid-state impurity in a crystal, which relaxes towards the equilibrium position, exhibits a series of peaks revealing the stops at the classical turning points. Detection limits are discussed.     

A review of otoacoustic emissions

Otoacoustic emissions measured in the external ear canal describe responses that the cochlea generates in the form of acoustic energy. For the convenience of discussing their principal features, emitted responses can be classified into several categories according to the type of stimulation used to evoke them. On this basis, four distinct but interrelated classes can be distinguished including spontaneous, transiently evoked, stimulus-frequency, and distortion-product otoacoustic emissions. The present review details the findings that have been described for each emission type according to this classification schema. Additionally, the known features of emitted responses are discussed for both normally hearing and hearing-impaired humans and experimental animals, and with respect to their potential clinical applications. The findings reviewed here clearly indicate that future studies of otoacoustic emissions will significantly increase our understanding of the basic mechanisms of cochlear function while, at the same time, provide a new and important clinical tool.     

Selenium-catalyzed oxidative halogenation

Organoselenides catalyze the oxidation of halides by H₂O₂. Furthermore, these selenides catalyze the transfer of oxidized halogens from N-halosuccinimides to olefins and ketones. Thus, organoselenides catalyze oxidative halogenation reactions including halolactonization, α-halogenation of ketones, and allylic halogenation. The ability of selenium to undergo reversible 2e⁻ oxidation-reduction chemistry facilitates halogenation through selenium-bound halogen intermediates.     

A SAXS study of the nanostructural characteristics of TEOS-derived sonogels upon heat treatment up to 1100 °C

Xerogels obtained from the acid-catalyzed and ultrasound stimulated hydrolysis of TEOS were submitted to heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 60 to 1100 °C and studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The SAXS intensity as a function of the modulus of the scattering vector q was obtained in the range from q₀=0.19 to q_m=4.4 nm⁻¹. At 60 °C the xerogels exhibit an apparent surface fractal structure with a fractal dimension D_S∼2.5 in a length scale ranging from 1/q₁∼1 to 1/q_m∼0.22 nm. This structure becomes extremely rough at 120 °C (D_S∼3) and at 150 °C, it apparently converts to a mass fractal with a fractal dimension D∼2.4. This may mean an emptying of the pores with preservation of a share of the original mass fractal structure of the wet aged gel, for it had presented a mass fractal dimension D∼2.2. A well characterized porous structure formed by 2.0 nm mean size pores with smooth surface of about 380 m²/g is formed at 300 °C and remains stable until approximately 800 °C. At 900 °C the SAXS intensity vanishes indicating the disappearance of the pores in the probed length scale. The elimination of the nanopores occurs by a mechanism in which the number of pores diminishes keeping constant their mean size. The xerogels exhibit a foaming phenomenon above 900 °C and scatter following Porod's law as does a surface formed by a coarse structure.     

Linguistic knowledge and new technologies

Modern language studies are characterized by a variety of forms, ways, and methods of their development. In this connection, it is necessary to specify the problem of the development of their internal differentiation and classification, which lead to the formation of specific areas knowledge. An example of such an area is speechology—a field of science belonging to fundamental, theoretical, and applied linguistics.     

Unconventional antiferromagnetic correlations of the doped Haldane gapsystem Y 2 BaNi 1 - x Zn x O 5

We make a new proposal to describe the very low temperature susceptibility of the doped Haldane gap compound Y₂BaNi_1-xZn_xO₅. We propose a new mean field model relevant for this compound. The ground state of this mean field model is unconventional because antiferromagnetism coexists with random dimers. We present new susceptibility experiments at very low temperature. We obtain a Curie-Weiss susceptibility χ( T ) ∼ C /(Θ + T ) as expected for antiferromagnetic correlations but we do not obtain a direct signature of antiferromagnetic long range order. We explain how to obtain the “impurity” susceptibility ( T ) by subtracting the Haldane gap contribution to the total susceptibility. In the temperature range [1 K, 300 K] the experimental data are well fitted by T ( T ) = C _imp 1 + T _imp / T . In the temperature range [100 mK, 1 K] the experimental data are well fitted by T ( T ) = A ln( T / T _c ), where T _c increases with x. This fit suggests the existence of a finite Néel temperature which is however too small to be probed directly in our experiments. We also obtain a maximum in the temperature dependence of the ac-susceptibility ( T ) which suggests the existence of antiferromagnetic correlations at very low temperature. Received 17 July 2001     

Vector Lattices on a Set of Two Generators

It is proved that the center of an automorphism group Aut(FVL2) of a free vector lattice FVL2 on a set of two free generators is isomorphic to a multiplicative group of positive reals. It is shown that the free vector lattice FVL2 has an isomorphic representation by continuous piecewise linear functions of the real line; as a consequence, the ideal lattice and the root system for rectifying ideals in FVL2 are amply described. Similar results are obtained for a free vector lattice FVL2 _Q 2 generated by two elements over a field of rational numbers.     

Vertical variability of sound fields in a coastal wedge

The results of measuring the vertical variability of sound fields are presented for a coastal wedge off the Pacific shelf of the Kamchatka peninsula. It is shown that the vertical radius of sound field correlation can reach ～30 m for frequencies within 600–800 Hz. The scatter of the specific parameters of the variability is in rather wide limits depending on the location of a vertical chain of receiving hydrophones, the hydrological conditions, the azimuth angle of the sound source, and the relief and bottom structure of the coastal wedge.