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41.
Most protocols used for open-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (OP/FT-IR) require that spectra be measured at a resolution of 1 cm(-1) and that the concentrations of the analytes be calculated by classical least squares regression (CLS). These specifications were largely developed for monitoring light molecules with easily resolvable rotational fine structure. For most volatile organic compounds in air, the rotational fine structure is not resolvable and better accuracy can be obtained when the spectrum is measured at lower resolution (typically 8 cm(-1)), provided that the algorithm used for quantification is partial least squares regression (PLS). By measuring the spectrum at low resolution, the need for a liquid-nitrogen-cooled mercury cadmium telluride detector is reduced and a pyroelectric detector operating at ambient temperature can be used instead. By using PLS rather than CLS, spectral features due to water vapor do not have to be compensated and a short-path background spectrum can be used, greatly simplifying field measurements. 相似文献
42.
Griffiths PC Hirst N Paul A King SM Heenan RK Farley R 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2004,20(16):6904-6913
The effect of ethanol on the interaction between the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the nonionic polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) has been investigated using a range of techniques including surface tension, fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and viscosity. Surface tension and fluorescence studies show that the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the surfactant decreases to a minimum value around 15 wt % ethanol; that is, it follows the cosurfactant effect. However, in the presence of PVP, the onset of the interaction, denoted cmc(1), between the surfactant and the polymer is considerably less dependent on ethanol concentration. The saturation point, cmc(2), however, reflects the behavior of the cmc in that it decreases upon addition of ethanol. This results in a decrease in the amount of surfactant bound to the polymer [C(bound) = cmc(2) - cmc] at saturation. The viscosity of simple PVP solutions depends on ethanol concentration, but since SANS studies show that ethanol has no effect on the polymer conformation, the changes observed in the viscosity reflect the viscosity of the background solvent. There are significant increases in bulk viscosity when the surfactant is added, and these have been correlated with the polymer conformation extracted from an analysis of the SANS data and with the amount of polymer adsorbed at the micelle surface. Competition between ethanol and PVP to occupy the surfactant headgroup region exists; at low ethanol concentration, the PVP displaces the ethanol and the PVP/SDS complex resembles that formed in the absence of the ethanol. At higher ethanol contents, the polymer does not bind to the ethanol-rich micelle surface. 相似文献
43.
Phillip T. Mead John C. Traeger John R. Christie Peter. J. Derrick 《Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS》1978,13(7):386-388
The internal energies of [C3H7]+ ions contributing to the metastable peak [C3H7]+ → [C3H5]+ + H2 are higher (by perhaps > 100 kJ mol?1) than those of the ion contributing to the threshold current in appearance energy measurements on [C3H5]+. The measured appearance energy may lead to an underestimation of the activation energy, i.e. negative ‘kinetic shift’, due to quantum, mechanical tunnelling. The distribution of energy released in the decomposition can be explained on the basis that much of the reverse activation energy and a statistical proportion of the excess energy is released as translation. 相似文献
44.
J. Adams D. Dollimore D. L. Griffiths 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》1993,40(1):275-284
The use of thermal analysis in studying ancient mortars in English cathedrals is explained. Thermal analysis can be used to investigate both mortar and stone in dated structures. Analysis of ancient mortars show that though recarbonated, they remain soft, yielding to structural deformations. The use of hard (cement mortar) in modern renovation can result in micro-cracking in the stone and subsequent chemical attack from the atmosphere. Contrary to the literature, data developed in the present study suggests that most medieval mortars have reached a near total state of recarbonation. 相似文献
45.
Thale Z Johnson T Tenney K Wenzel PJ Lobkovsky E Clardy J Media J Pietraszkiewicz H Valeriote FA Crews P 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2002,67(26):9384-9391
A reinvestigation of sponge natural products from additional Indo-Pacific collections of Xestospongiacf. carbonaria and X. cf. exigua has provided further insights on the structures, biological activities, and biosynthetic origin of bisannulated acridines. These alkaloids include one known pyridoacridine, neoamphimedine (2), and three new analogues, 5-methoxyneoamphimedine (4), neoamphimedine Y (5), and neoamphimedine Z (6). A completely new acridine, alpkinidine (7), was also isolated. A disk diffusion soft agar assay, using a panel of five cancer cell lines (solid tumors and leukemias) and two normal cells, was used to evaluate the differential cytotoxicity (solid tumor selectivity) of the sponge semipure extracts and selected compounds including amphimedine (1), 2, 4, and 7. While all four compounds were solid tumor selective, 1 and 2 were the most potent and 4 was the most selective. The rationale used to characterize the new structures is outlined along with the related biosynthetic pathways envisioned to generate 2 and 7. 相似文献
46.
This research investigates the adsorption properties of three activated carbons (AC) derived from coconut, coal, and wood origin. Each carbon demonstrates different levels of resistance to 2 M NaOH treatment. The coconut AC offers the greatest and wood AC the least resistance. The influence of base treatment is mapped in terms of its effects on specific surface area, micropore volume, water adsorption, and dodecanoic acid adsorption from both water and 2 M NaOH solution. A linear relationship exists between the number of water molecules adsorbed at the B-point of the water adsorption isotherm and the oxygen content determined from elemental analysis. Surfactant adsorption isotherms from water and 2 M NaOH indicate that the AC oxygen content effects a greater dependence on affinity for surfactant than specific surface area and micropore volume. We show a linear relationship between the plateau amount of surfactant adsorbed and the AC oxygen content in both water and NaOH phases. The higher the AC oxygen content, the lower the amount of surfactant adsorbed. In contrast, no obvious relationship could be drawn between the surfactant amount adsorbed and the surface area. 相似文献
47.
The reaction of the unsymmetrical, coordinatively unsaturated dirhenium(II) complex [(XylNC)(OC)CIRe(μ-dppm)2ReCl2]O3SCF3 (dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2) with one equivalent of XylNC in CH2Cl2 affords a fifth structural isomer of the [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)2] + cation; this is believed to have a CO-bridged structure of the type [(XylNC)ClRe(μ-Cl)(μ-CO)(μ-dppm)2ReCl(CNXyl)]+. The latter complex reacts with a further equivalent of XylNC in the presence of Tl+ to form the [Re2Cl2(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)3]2+ cation, which has been shown by IR spectroscopy, and by the X-ray crystallographic characterization of its neutral congener Re2Cl2(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)3, to contain a very weak and unsymmetrical CO bridge. 相似文献
48.
A method is described for the accurate determination in plasma of the beta-hydroxyethylrutosides by measurement of the fluorescence of their borocitrate complexes by scanning densitometry following separation by thin-layer chromatography. A modification is also described for estimation of individual hydroxyethylrutosides and their glucuronide conjugates in samples of bile and urine. 相似文献
49.
The reactions of Re2X4(-dppm)2 (X=Cl or Br; dppm=Ph2PCH2PPh2) with H2S in THF afford the dirhenium (III) complexes Re2(-H)(-SH)X4(-dppm)2, the first examples of the oxidative addition of an S-H unit across an electron-rich metal-metal triple bond. The bromide complex Re2(-H)(-SH)Br4(-dppm)2 (C2H5)2O crystallizes in the space group P21/n witha=16.631(2) Å,b=15.967(3) Å,c=19.904(2) Å, =92.698(7)°,V=5279(2) Å3, andZ=4. The structure which was refined toR=0.053 (R
w=0.070) for 4903 data withI>3.0(I), shows the presence of an edge-shared bioctahedral geometry with a very short Re-Re distance of 2.4566(7) Å. While the hydrogen atoms of the -H and -SH ligands were not located in the X-ray structure determination, their presence is confirmed by IR and1H NMR spectroscopy. 相似文献
50.
Douglas A. Chapman Szczepan Roszak Phillip B. Keegstra P. C. Hariharan Joyce J. Kaufman Robert S. Buenker 《International journal of quantum chemistry》1991,39(4):541-560
Recently we extended our strategy for MRD-CI (multireference double excitation-configuration interaction) calculations, based on localized/local orbitals and an “effective” CI Hamiltonian, for molecular decompositions of large molecules to breaking a chemical bond in a molecule in a crystalline or other solid environment. Our technique begins with an explicit quantum chemical SCF calculation for a reference molecule surrounded by a number of other molecules in the multipole environment of more distant neighbors. The resulting canonical molecular orbitals are then localized, and the localized occupied and virtual orbitals in the region of interest are included explicitly in the MRD-CI with the remainder of the occupied localized orbitals being folded into an “effective” CI Hamiltonian. The MRD-CI calculations are then carried out for breaking a bond in the reference molecule. This method is completely general in that the space treated explicitly, as well as the surrounding space, may contain voids, defects, deformations, dislocations, impurities, dopants, edges and surfaces, boundaries, etc. Dimethylnitramine is the smallest prototype of the energetic R2N—NO2 nitramines, such as the 6-member ring RDX or the 8-member ring HMX. Decomposition of energetic compounds is initiated in the solid by a breaking of the target bond. Thus, it is crucial to know the difference in energy between breaking a bond in an isolated energetic molecule versus in the molecule in a solid. In the present study, we have carried out MRD-CI calculations for the Me2N—NO2 dissociation of dimethylnitramine in a dimethylnitramine crystal. The cases we investigated were one dimethylnitramine molecule (surrounded by 53 and 685 neighboring dimethylnitramine molecules represented by multipoles), three dimethylnitramine molecules, and three dimethylnitramine molecules (surrounded by 683 neighbors). All multipoles were cumulative atomic multipoles up through quadrupoles. The MRD-CI calculations on dimethylnitramine required large numbers of reference configurations from which were allowed all single and double excitations. 相似文献