Structural and optical characterization of the propolis films

We have performed structural and optical characterizations of the propolis (an organic entity of biological nature) films grown on various non-organic substrates. The films were grown from a propolis melt or a propolis alcohol solution. The crystal structure has been observed in the films precipitated from the solution onto substrates such as an amorphous glass and sapphire or semiconductor indium monoselenide. For any growth method, the propolis film is a semiconductor with the bandgap of 3.07 eV at 300 K that is confirmed by a maximum in photoluminescence spectra at 2.86 eV. We argue that propolis films might be used in various optoelectronic device applications.     

On the validity and utility of queueing models of human service systems

Based on observations made during an extensive study of police patrol operations in New York City, we examine the issues of the validity and utility of queueing models of service systems in which adaptive behavior by the (human) customers or servers is likely. We find that in addition to depending on the technical accuracy of its assumptions, the accuracy of such a model will also depend upon the level of managerial control of the system and adequacy of resources. We recommend that queueing models of human service systems be used in a normative fashion and incorporated in the management feedback loop.     

Use of X-ray diffraction data in stereochemical studies of (−)-menthone reactions with aromatic aldehydes

X-ray diffraction analysis proved that the stereochemical configuration of interaction products of (−)-menthone with aromatic aldehydes (α,β-unsaturated ketones or β-hydroxyketones) depends on the generation conditions of intermediate enolate carbanions. In irreversible deprotonation of (−)-menthone with strong sterically hindered organometallic bases, products of interaction with aldehydes preserve the 1R,4S-configuration; in equilibrium conditions, 1R,4R-diastereomers of the corresponding α,β-unsaturated ketones are formed with high stereoselectivity. Institute of Single Crystals, Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian Republic. Translated fromZhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 133–142, September–October, 1994. Translated by T. Yudanova     

Raman spectroscopic investigations of the structure and phase transitions of liquid crystalline lead(II) alkanoates

Lead(II) alkanoates with even chain lengths from octanoate to octadecanoate have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. In the low frequency region, transverse and longitudinal acoustical modes (TAM, LAM) have been assigned. It was shown that LAM-1 is the vibration of the double chain with the node of the vibration in the Pb²⁺ layer. A fully extended conformation of the chains in the low temperature phase was confirmed. The frequencies and intensities of the LAMs as compared with those of the alkanes and the fatty acids led to an estimate of the force constant and polarizability of the Pb²⁺ -COO^- bond relative to the C-C bond. The defects at the chain ends were investigated in the ρ(CH₃) and v(CC) region. For the intermediate (CM) phase, both the Pb²⁺ layer distance reduction and the chain length independent enthalpy contributions can be attributed mainly to defects at the chain ends.     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.