Two negative minima of the first normal stress difference in a cellulose‐based cholesteric liquid crystal: Helix uncoiling

The shear rate dependence of material functions such as shear viscosity (η) and the first normal stress difference (N₁) were given and interpreted earlier by Kiss and Porter. Their widely accepted work revealed the possibility of having a negative minimum of N₁ for polymeric liquid crystals. In this work, we disclose for the first time the evidence of two negative N₁ minima on a sheared cellulosic lyotropic system. The lower shear rate minimum is ascribed to the uncoiling of the cholesteric helix, as theoretically predicted earlier. Our findings contribute also to the understanding of the other minimum already reported in the literature and attributed to the nematic director tumbling mode. Moreover, the elastic change that the LC‐HPC sample undergoes during the helix unwinding of the cholesteric structure is also by means of oscillatory measurements. This study is a contribution for the understanding of the structure‐properties relationship linked with the complex rheological behavior of chiral nematic cellulose‐based systems and may help to improve their further processing. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017 , 55, 821–830     

Biolabeling with nanoparticles based on Y2O3: Nd and luminescence detection in the near-infrared

Neodymium based fluorescence presents several advantages in comparison to conventional rare earth or enzyme-substrate based fluorescence emitting sources (e.g.Tb, HRP) . Based on this fact we have herein explored a Nd-based fluoroimmunoassay. We efficiently detected the presence of an oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in human plasma a well-known marker for cardiovascular diseases, which causes around 30% of deaths worldwide. Conventional fluoroimmunoassay uses time-resolved luminescence techniques, with detection in the visible range, to eliminate the fluorescence background from the biological specimens. By using an immunoassay based on functionalized Y₂O₃:Nd³⁺ nanoparticles, where the excitation and emission processes in the Nd³⁺ ion occur in the near-infrared (NIR) region, we have succeeded in eliminating the interferences from the biological fluorescence background, avoiding the use of time-resolved techniques. This yields higher emission intensity from the Nd³⁺-nanolabels and efficient detection of anti-oxidized low-density lipoproteins (anti-oxLDL) by Y₂O₃:Nd³⁺-antibody-antigen conjugation, leading to a novel biolabeling method.     

Binding of Ionic Pyrene Derivatives to Polyelectrolytes. A Uv Absorption and Fluorescence Study

Abstract

The binding of pyrenesulfonic acid and pyrenebutyric acid to poly(vinyl benzyl trimethylammonium) chloride was investigated by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found that the binding constant was 7.5 × 10⁴ and 3.5 × 10⁴M^?1, respectively. The addition of the polyelectrolyte quenches the fluorescence of the pyrene group, and at the same time the typical excimer emission appears. This emission originates in pre-formed ground state aggregates of the pyrene derivatives incorporated into the polyion domain. Similar effects were observed when anionic polyelectrolytes, poly(styrene sulfonic), and poly(vinyl sulfonic) acids were added to cationic pyrene derivatives. The binding constants depend on the length of the aliphatic sidechain of the derivatives.     

Comparison of Three Analytical Methods for the Determination of Quinolones in Pig Muscle Samples

This work presents a comparison between three analytical methods developed for the simultaneous determination of eight quinolones regulated by the European Union (marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, difloxacin, sarafloxacin, oxolinic acid and flumequine) in pig muscle, using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC–FD), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The procedures involve an extraction of the quinolones from the tissues, a step for clean–up and preconcentration of the analytes by solid-phase extraction and a subsequent liquid chromatographic analysis. The limits of detection of the methods ranged from 0.1 to 2.1 ng g⁻¹ using LC–FD, from 0.3 to 1.8 using LC–MS and from 0.2 to 0.3 using LC–MS/MS, while inter- and intra-day variability was under 15 % in all cases. Most of those data are notably lower than the maximum residue limits established by the European Union for quinolones in pig tissues. The methods have been applied for the determination of quinolones in six different commercial pig muscle samples purchased in different supermarkets located in the city of Granada (south-east Spain).

     

Selenides and diselenides containing oxadiazoles: a new class of functionalised materials

A simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of a new class of organoselenium liquid crystal compounds was developed. The coupling of aryl bromides with elemental selenium was catalysed using copper oxide nanopowder in the presence of potassium hydroxide employing dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent. This is the first report of the synthesis and characterisation of liquid crystal-based diselenides. Their mesophases were characterised by polarising optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Compounds 1, 2 and 4b exhibited the smectic A phase. In addition, these compounds showed weak blue fluorescence in solution (λ_{max. em.} 350–405 nm) and a Stokes shift of around 90 nm.     

Pyrrolic Tripodal Receptors for the Molecular Recognition of Carbohydrates: Ditopic Receptors for Dimannosides

Synthetic ditopic receptors, designed for the molecular recognition of dimannosides, have been prepared by bridging two monotopic units effectively recognizing mannosides with linkers of the appropriate size and flexibility, endowed with hydrogen‐bonding groups. Affinities toward the α and β glycosides of the biologically relevant Manα(1–2)Man disaccharide were measured by NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) in polar organic media (30–40 % DMF in chloroform). Significant selectivities and affinities in the micromolar range were observed in most cases, with two newly designed receptors being the most effective receptors of the set, together with a distinct preference of the dimannosides for the (S) enantiomer of the receptor in all cases. A 3D view of the recognition mode was elucidated by a combined NMR spectroscopic/molecular modeling approach, showing the dimannoside included in the cleft of the receptor. Compared to the monotopic precursors, the ditopic receptors showed markedly improved recognition properties, proving the efficacy of the modular receptor design for the recognition of disaccharides.     

Regiospecific synthesis of 1-acetamide-5-methoxy-2-oxindoles in two steps: (Ugi-SN2)/xanthate mediated free radical cyclization

A series of twelve novel 1-acetamide-5-methoxy-2-oxindoles were prepared in moderate to good yields (30–88%) by an Ugi-S_N2 one pot process with a xanthate mediated free radical cyclization. Additionally, Density Functional Theory (DFT) based calculations were performed at UB3LYP/6-311G(d) level in order to rationalize the energy profile of the xanthate mediated free radical cyclization because the benzo-fused γ-lactams (ortho products) were obtained as sole regioisomers over the spiro β-lactams (ipso products).     

On‐line solid‐phase extraction for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of pesticides

Public concern about pesticides in food and water has increased dramatically in the last two decades. In order to guarantee consumers’ health and safety, analytical methods that could provide fast and reliable answers without compromising accuracy and precision are required. Sample treatment is probably the most tedious and time‐consuming step in many analytical procedures and, despite the significant advances in chromatographic separations and mass spectrometry techniques, sample treatment is still one of the most important parts of the analytical process for achieving good analytical results. Therefore, over the last years, considerable efforts have been made to simplify the stage and to develop fast, accurate, and robust methods that allow the determination of a wide range of pesticides without compromising the integrity of the extraction process. This review article intends to give a short overview of recently developed on‐line solid‐phase extraction, preconcentration, and clean‐up procedures for the determination of pesticides in complex matrices by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques.     

Characterization and optimization of heroin hapten-BSA conjugates: method development for the synthesis of reproducible hapten-based vaccines

A potential new treatment for drug addiction is immunization with vaccines that induce antibodies that can abrogate the addictive effects of the drug of abuse. One of the challenges in the development of a vaccine against drugs of abuse is the availability of an optimum procedure that gives reproducible and high yielding hapten-protein conjugates. In this study, a heroin/morphine surrogate hapten (MorHap) was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) using maleimide-thiol chemistry. MorHap-BSA conjugates with 3, 5, 10, 15, 22, 28, and 34 haptens were obtained using different linker and hapten ratios. Using this optimized procedure, MorHap-BSA conjugates were synthesized with highly reproducible results and in high yields. The number of haptens attached to BSA was compared by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay, modified Ellman’s test and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Among the three methods, MALDI-TOF MS discriminated subtle differences in hapten density. The effect of hapten density on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performance was evaluated with seven MorHap-BSA conjugates of varying hapten densities, which were used as coating antigens. The highest antibody binding was obtained with MorHap-BSA conjugates containing 3–5 haptens. This is the first report that rigorously analyzes, optimizes and characterizes the conjugation of haptens to proteins that can be used for vaccines against drugs of abuse. The effect of hapten density on the ELISA detection of antibodies against haptens demonstrates the importance of careful characterization of the hapten density by the analytical techniques described.