MECHANISM OF PHOTOOXYGENATION OF THE CD (II) COMPLEX OF PYROPHEOPHORBIDE A METHYL ESTER

Photooxygenation of (pyropheophorbidato a methyl ester)cadmium (II) was studied using ^18,18O₂ labeling of the molecular oxygen required for cleavage of the macrocycle. After reductive demetallation of the primary oxidation product (4,5-dioxo-4,5-secopyropheophorbidato a methyl ester)cadmium (II), the isotope content of formylbilinone 4a was analyzed by repeated-scan fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Comparison of the spectroscopic data of the labeled pigment 4a with the statistical probabilities of¹⁸ O isotope incorporation calculated for four possible reaction mechanisms clearly proves that photooxidative ring cleavage occurred by the one-molecule mechanism, i.e. the terminal oxygen atoms of 4a were derived from one oxygen molecule. Furthermore, a study of the exchange of the¹⁸ O-labeled atoms revealed that no exchange occurs within the pH 4.5–9.5 range. In stronger alkaline or acidic solutions, only the oxygen atom of the formyl group is exchanged. Hydrolysis of the methyl ester group of 4a was achieved, without loss of the¹⁸ O label on the formyl group, at pH 7.2 in the presence of pig liver esterase.     

Synthesis of coumarins by ring-closing metathesis using Grubbs’ catalyst

A novel generally applicable synthesis of coumarins from phenolic substrates utilizing ring-closing metathesis is described. This sequence involves O-allylation of phenols followed by ortho-Claisen rearrangement, subsequent based-induced isomerization affording 2-(1-propenyl)phenols, acylation with acryloyl chloride, and finally ring-closing metathesis (RCM) with Grubbs’ second generation catalyst.     

Synthesis and properties of allenic natural products and pharmaceuticals

Nowadays, about 150 natural products comprising an allenic or cumulenic structure are known. The chemistry of these compounds has turned out to be a very attractive and prolific area of interest: advances in the isolation and characterization of new allenic natural products have led to the establishment of efficient synthetic procedures which in many cases also open up an access to enantiomerically pure target molecules. Inspired by the intriguing biological activities of many allenic natural products, allene moieties are now systematically introduced in pharmacologically active classes of compounds (steroids, prostaglandins, amino acids, nucleosides). The functionalized allenes thus obtained often exhibit impressive activities as mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors, cytotoxic, or antiviral agents. A prerequisite for further developments in this field is the efficient stereoselective synthesis of allene derivatives.     

Correlating second harmonic optical responses of single Ag nanoparticles with morphology

Femtosecond laser excited second harmonic (SH) activity from single Ag nanoparticles is reported. A correlation of SH single-particle measurements with high-resolution imaging of particle morphology by TEM was achieved by creating position markers on an optical and electron transparent substrate (Si3N4 thin film, approximately 100 nm). We compared the SH activity of single Ag nanoparticles (nanospheres versus nanorods) and cluster structures (composed of two or multiple particles, e.g., dimers and trimers). The direct correlation of single-particle structures and SH activity, spectral and power dependence, strongly suggests one-photon resonant driven nonlinear oscillator response mechanism.     

Kraftfeldrechnungen an linearen Oligopyrrolen: 2,2′-Bipyrrol, 2,2′-Furylpyrrol und Prodigiosen

Using a specific force field model, relative stabilities of 2,2-bipyrrole and 2,2-furylpyrrole conformers as well as of prodigiosene tautomers, configurations, and conformations, are studied. 2,2-Bipyrrole adopts anantiperiplanar conformation in accord with other theoretical calculations and experimental findings. Its rotational barrier calculated by this method compares favourably to the one derived by other means. For the parent prodigiosene the (Z)sp,sp arrangement is found to be the most stable one. The two possible tautomers within its dipyrrin fragment do not show a significant energy difference.

     

Surface characterization of WO(3)/ZrO(2) catalysts

A series of WO(3)/ZrO(2) catalysts with tungsten (W) loadings ranging from 0.5 to 11.4 wt% was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation on a preformed ZrO(2) support. The oxidic catalysts were characterized using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, ISS, and IR spectroscopy. XRD and Raman results showed that the ZrO(2) support was predominantly present in the monoclinic form. XPS and Raman measurements indicated the formation of increasing amounts of W interaction species for catalysts with W loadings up to 8.8 wt% WO(3). In addition to the W interaction species, bulk WO(3) was also observed for catalysts with W loadings > or = 3.0 wt% WO(3). Comparison of the XPS results with coverage measurements by ISS and CO adsorption suggests that the W surface phase is in the form of two-dimensional polymeric patches for catalysts with W loadings 3.0 < or = wt% WO(3) < or = 4.5. For catalysts with W loadings >4.5 wt% WO(3), the results indicated an additional build-up of a bilayer (or multilayer) polymeric W species. Analysis of the hydroxyl region of ZrO(2) by IR spectroscopy showed that initial additions of W occur on the high frequency hydroxyl group. A schematic for the structure of the catalysts has been proposed based on the above observations.     

Organoaluminium and -gallium compounds with N,N-diisopropylaminomethyl groups

The N,N-diisopropylaminomethyl aluminium compound [tBu2AlCH2NiPr2 x LiCl]2(1) and the gallium compounds Li[tBu2Ga(CH2NiPr2)2](2) and [tBu2GaCH2N(H)iPr2]Cl x tBu3Ga (3) were prepared by transmetallation of N,N-diisopropylaminomethyllithium LiCH2NiPr2 with di-tert-butylaluminium or -gallium chloride, and characterised by elemental analyses, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 27Al, 7Li) and IR spectroscopy. The crystal structures have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound aggregates as a centrosymmetric dimer, with two Al-C-N units connected by a frame of two LiCl molecules [Al-Cl 2.367(1), Cl-Li 2.339(4) and 2.374(4), Li-N 1.977(4)A]. Compound 2 is a lithium organogallate with two weak LiN bonds [1.965(7) and 1.937(7)A]. Compound 3 contains two different moieties: tBu3Ga and a [tBu2GaCH2N(H)iPr2]+ cation, which are bridged by a Cl- anion [Ga-Cl 2.445(1) and 2.579(1), HCl 2.362(3)A].     

Miniaturization of separation techniques using planar chip technology

Miniaturization of separation columns implies equally reduced vol- umes of injectors, detectors, and the connecting channels. Planar chip technology provides a powerful means for the fabrication of micron-sized structures such as channels. This is demonstrated by two examples. An optical absorbance detector chip exhibits the expected behavior of a 1 mm optical path length cell despite its volume of 1 nL. A capillary electrophoresis device allows integrated injections of 100 pL samples, efficiencies of 70,000 to 160,000 theoretical plates in 10 to 20 seconds, and external laser-induced fluorescence detection at any capillary length of choice between 5 and 50 mm.