Nonlinear dynamics of charged particles interacting with combined ac-dc electromagnetic fields

A nonlinear Lorenz model describing interactions between charged particles and combined ac-dc electromagnetic fields is studied for various combinations of frequencies, field strengths and relative angle (θ) between the ac and dc magnetic fields. Strong directional effects on the magnitude and location of resonant particle motion are observed when θ is varied and the regular resonance windows in the aligned field (θ = 0) and linear version of the model studied previously by Durney etaal., break up to form irregular and less well pronounced regions of large and small particle displacements when nonlinearities are taken into account. The length of time takne to achieve resonant behaviour also becomes larger and more variable when nonlinearities are present. The possible relevance of these effects to interactions between electromagnetic fields and biological media is briefly discussed.     

Reduction of contact stress by use of relief notches

The photoelastic method is used to investigate the possibility of relieving the large local stresses that develop in the corners of a right angled indenter compressing a semi-infinite body by inducing geometric changes to the indenter/semi-infinite body configuration. It is shown that a circular notch cut along the free edges of the indenter can totally eliminate the large corner stresses. The notch, if placed along the interface edge of the half plane, can reduce the stress concentration, but never eliminate it. The results obtained have wide practical application.     

Calorimetric analysis of the ethanolysis of 1,2-epoxybutane

Polyethers, which are produced by alcoholysis of oxiranes, are often used as solvents in chemical plants. The spectra of the products can be influenced by the choice of the catalyst (acid or base). The results of the base-catalyzed ethanolysis of 1,2-epoxybutane are displayed. The reaction was investigated calorimetrically by varying the molar ratio between ethanol and 1,2-epoxybutane, the starting temperature and the concentration of the catalyst sodium hydroxide. Additionally, the influence of the used alcohol will be shown in one example. To determine the activation parameters, the experiments were evaluated by the nonlinear software package TA-kin v3.3.     

Assignment of the 5,6-Double-Bond Configuration in Iloprost and Isoiloprost from 13C-NMR Shifts Determined by 2D Methods

The configurations of the 5,6-double bond in the carbacyclins iloprost ( 3 ; (E)) and isoiloprost ( 4 ; (Z)) are based on a complete assignment of the ¹³C and ¹H resonances determined by 1D and 2D ¹³C-NMR and ¹H-NMR methods.