Activity of polymer supported cobalt catalyst in the Bray-Liebhafsky oscillator

The infuence of poly-4-vinylpyridine-co-divinylbenzene-Co²⁺ catalyst on the Bray-Liebhafsky (BL) oscillator used as the matrix for establishing catalyst’s activity was analyzed. The addition of the catalyst do not change the dynamics of the reaction in the BL matrix, but the periods of the oscillatory evolution as well as the preoscillatory period (τ₁) and the duration from the beginning of the reaction to the end of the oscillatory state (τ_end). All experimental results are simulated satisfactory. The article is published in the original.     

Graph theory and molecular orbitals. The loop rule

Graph theory is applied to the study of the dependence of total π-electron energy, π-electron charge distribution and free valency indices of conjugated hydrocarbons on molecular topology. It is shown that the number of loops in the molecular graph determines these quantities.     

Hematite nanoparticle monolayers on mica electrokinetic characteristics

Electrokinetic properties of α-Fe(2)O(3) (hematite) nanoparticle monolayers on mica were thoroughly characterized using the streaming potential method. Hematite suspensions were obtained by acidic hydrolysis of ferric chloride. The average size of particles (hydrodynamic diameter), determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and AFM, was 22nm (pH=5.5, I=10(-2)M). The hematite monolayers on mica were produced under diffusion-controlled transport from the suspensions of various bulk concentration. The monolayer coverage, quantitatively determined by AFM and SEM, was regulated within broad limits by adjusting the nanoparticle deposition time. This allowed one to uniquely express zeta potential of hematite monolayers, determined by the streaming potential measurements, in terms of the particle coverage. Such dependencies, obtained for various pH, were successfully interpreted in terms of the three-dimensional electrokinetic model. A universal calibrating graph was produced enabling one to determine hematite monolayer coverage from the measured value of the streaming potential. The influence of the ionic strength, varied between 10(-4) and 10(-2)M, on the zeta potential of hematite monolayers was also studied. Additionally, the stability of monolayers (desorption kinetics) was determined under in situ conditions using the streaming potential method. Our experimental data prove that it is feasible to produce uniform and stable hematite particle monolayers of well-controlled coverage. Such monolayers may find practical applications as universal substrates for protein immobilization (biosensors) and in electrocatalytic applications.     

On the evaluation of the characteristic polynomial via symmetric function theory

The use of power sum symmetric functions leads to Newton's identities, which relate the traces of various powers ofA, the adjacency matrix of a graph, and the coefficients of the characteristic polynomials. While it is possible to solve Newton's identities and generate the coefficients by recursion or, alternatively, to derive them by sequential manipulations (yielding the explicit formulas), we show how the results can be expressed using a combinatorial approach and relate the evaluation of the coefficients to selected Young diagrams.     

Application of thermal analysis for quantitative nitrogen determination in fertilizers

DSC and DTA techniques have been used to determine nitrogen present in the form of ammonium nitrate in fertilizers. The optimum conditions for the investigations were determined for both techniques. By determining peak area, i.e. the enthalpy of the ammonium nitrate crystal transformation II I, it was possible to determine the nitrogen content in ammonium nitrate and in lime ammonium nitrate by DSC with average deviations of 0.44 and 0.91%,respectively. Using DTA and the enthalpy of the ammonium nitrate crystal transformation IV III, the average deviation of nitrogen determination in lime/ammonium nitrate was 1.09%.

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Zusammenfassung DSC und DTA wurden zur Bestimmung des in Düngemitteln in Form von Ammoniumnitrat vorliegenden Stickstoffs benutzt. Für beide Techniken wurden die optimalen Untersuchungsbedingungen ermittelt. Durch Bestimmung der Peakfläche, d. h. der Enthalpie der Kristalltransformation II I des Ammoniumnitrats konnte der Stickstoffgehalt in Ammoniumnitrat und in Kalk/Ammoniumnitrat mittels DSC mit mittleren Abweichungen von 0.44 bzw. 0.91% bestimmt werden. Aus der Kristalltransformation IV III des Ammoniumnitrats ergibt sich bei Benutzung der DTA-Methode eine mittlere Abweichung von 1.09% für die Stickstoffbestimmung in Kalk/Ammoniumnitrat.

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, . . , , (III) , — . , , 0,44 0,91%. IVIII , - 1,09%.

     

Desmotropy,Polymorphism, and Solid‐State Proton Transfer: Four Solid Forms of an Aromatic o‐Hydroxy Schiff Base

The Schiff base derived from salicylaldehyde and 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxypyridine affords a diversity of solid forms, two polymorphic pairs of the enol‐imino ( D1 a and D1 b ) and keto‐amino ( D2 a and D2 b ) desmotropes. The isolated phases, identified by IR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, and ¹³C cross‐polarization/magnetic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy, display essentially planar molecular conformations characterized by strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds of the O? H???N ( D1 ) or N? H???O ( D2 ) type. A change in the position of the proton within this O???H???N system is accompanied by substantially different molecular conformations and, subsequently, by divergent supramolecular architectures. The appearance and interconversion conditions for each of the four phases have been established on the basis of a number of solution and solvent‐free experiments, and evaluated against the results of computational studies. Solid phases readily convert into the most stable form ( D1 a ) upon exposure to methanol vapor, heating, or by mechanical treatment, and these transformations are accompanied by a change in the color of the sample. The course of thermally induced transformations has been monitored in detail by means of temperature‐resolved powder X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Upon dissolution, all forms equilibrate immediately, as confirmed by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy in several solvents, with the equilibrium shifted far towards the enol tautomer. This study reveals the significance of peripheral groups in the stabilization of metastable tautomers in the solid state.     

Oxidation states of technetium in diphosphonate complexes

Valence states of technetium in two most prominent bone imaging agents. i.e., their model complexes with⁹⁹Tc (⁹⁹Tc-MDP and⁹⁹Tc-DPD) were determined by redox potentiometric titration. Titrations of⁹⁹Tc-pertechnetate by Sn(II) solutions were performed in the presence of a ligand (MDP or DPD), as well as without them. Tc(III) was obtained in complexes with MDP and DPD in strongly alkaline medium (pH 12–13) while in the absence of the ligands Tc(IV) was formed. In strongly acidic medium (pH 2–3) the redox process resulted Tc(IV) in both complexes, while Tc(III) was formed in the absence of the ligands. At pH values near neutral or exactly neutral (important for radiopharmaceutical complexes^99mTc-MDP and^99mTc-DPD), it was possible to perform titrations in the ligand absence only at pH values from 7 to 11.8 (due to in hydrolysis) while the resulting oxidation state of Tc in the presence of ligand depended on the used ligand: Tc(IV)-MDP (pH 5.4–5.9 and pH 7.0–7.4), and Tc(III)-DPD (pH 8.0).     

Synthesis and fluorescent properties of some new unsymmetricbis-benzothiazolyl furans and thiophenes

Summary Some newmono- andbis-benzothiazolyl compounds with furan or thiophene nuclei were synthesized by multistep reactions from the corresponding furan and thiophene aldehydes. The data obtained from emission spectra show a large influence of the benzothiazole rings on the relative quantum efficiency of the compounds under investigation.

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Synthese und Fluoreszenzeigenschaften von neuen unsymmetrischenbis-Benzothiazolylfuranen und thiophenen

Zusammenfassung Einige neuebis-Benzothiazolylverbindungen mit einem Furan- bzw. Thiophenenring wurden in einer mehrstufigen Reaktion dargestellt. Die Fluoreszenzdaten der untersuchten Verbindungen zeigen einen großen Einfluß der Benzothiazolringe auf die relative Fluoreszenzquantenausbeute.

     

Formation of a vanillic Mannich base — theoretical study

One-pot anti-Mannich reaction of vanillin, aniline and cyclohexanone was successfully catalyzed by ionic liquid triethanolammonium chloroacetate, at room temperature. Yield of the obtained Mannich base was very good and excellent diastereoselectivity was achieved. Mechanism of the reaction was investigated using the density functional theory. The reaction started with a nucleophilic attack of aniline nitrogen at the carbonyl group of vanillin. The intermediate α-amino alcohol formed in this way was further subjected to protonation by the triethanolammonium ion yielding the imminium ion. Theoretically, the obtained imminium ion and the enol form of cyclohexanone can build the protonated Mannich base via the anti and syn pathways. The chloroacetic anion spontaneously abstracts the proton yielding the final product of the reaction anti 2-[1-(N-phenylamino)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)]methylcyclohexanone (MB-H). The syn pathway requires lower activation energy but the anti pathway yields a thermodynamically more stable product, which implies that the examined Mannich reaction is thermodynamically controlled.