基于Adaptive Elastic Net方法的近红外光谱建模技术

当近红外光谱信息远远大于样本量时,对光谱信息进行自动变量选择进而建立光谱与微量成分含量之间的稀疏线性模型重要且具有挑战性。针对聚苯醚生产过程中微量成分邻甲酚难以测量的问题,将变量选择方法Adaptive Elastic Net用于建立近红外光谱与邻甲酚含量之间的定量校正模型,并将其模型性能与ElasticNet方法进行对比。在变量数目远远大于样本量的情形下,ElasticNet方法虽可以实现变量选择,但由于其系数估计不具备Oracle性质,使得模型的可解释性和预测精度受到影响,而Adaptive Elastic Net方法通过对L1惩罚项施加自适应权重从而很好的解决了上述问题并提高了模型性能。为了验证Adaptive Elastic Net方法的模型性能指标,用最终被选中的自变量数目来评价模型复杂度;利用复相关系数R2来评价模型的可解释性,利用平均相对预测误差MRPE(mean relative prediction error)和预测相关系数R_p来评价模型的预测精度。Elastic Net方法建立的模型性能指标为：NSIV=529,R2=0.96, MRPE=3.22％, R_p=0.97; Adaptive Elastic Net方法的性能指标为：NSIV=139, R2=0.99, MRPE=2.00％, R_p=0.99。结果表明：Adaptive Elastic Net所建立模型的性能指标优于Elastic Net方法,可以得到更加简单且具有较强可解释性和较高预测精度的稀疏线性模型。     

有机磷类阻燃剂的合成及应用进展

由于有机磷阻燃剂具有高效、低毒、无污染及无烟等特点,该领域的研究在国内外得到极大的关注,已经在合成和应用等方面取得了显著成就。 本文对磷系阻燃剂的阻燃机理及近年来磷系阻燃剂的应用进展作了简要综述。 分别综述了各类有机含磷阻燃剂的研究进展,并提出了有机磷阻燃剂今后的发展方向。     

The application of 2D base force element method (BFEM) to geometrically non-linear analysis

Based on the concept of the base forces by Gao, a new finite element method – the base force element method (BFEM) on complementary energy principle for two-dimensional geometrically non-linear problems is presented. A 4-mid-node plane element model of the BFEM for geometrically non-linear problem is derived by assuming that the stress is uniformly distributed on each sides of a plane element. The explicit formulations of the control equations for the BFEM are derived using the modified complementary energy principle. The BFEM is naturally universal for small displacement and large displacement problems. A number of example problems are solved using the BFEM and the results are compared with corresponding analytical solutions and those obtained from the standard displacement finite element method. A good agreement of the results, and better performance of the BFEM, compared to the displacement model, in the large displacement and large rotation calculations, is observed.     

微波溶样-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定石蒜中的镉铬铅

采用微波消解技术处理样品,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定,对消解试剂和微波消解条件进行了筛选和优化,研究了石墨炉原子吸收的测定条件。研究表明,以HNO₃+HClO₄+H₂O₂作为微波消解试剂最佳,在基体改进剂NH₄H₂PO₄存在下,可有效地消除基体的影响,建立了微波溶样-原子吸收光谱法测定中药石蒜中Cd, Cr和Pb的方法,其Cd, Cr和Pb的测定检出限分别为0.066 7,1.22和0.810 μg·L-1。将该法应用于石蒜样品中Cd, Cr和Pb的测定,结果令人满意,RSD小于3.1%,回收率在83.8%～118%之间。     

Pressure-induced disordering and phase transformations in Eu2Zr2O7 pyrochlore

ABSTRACT

The structural properties of pyrochlore Eu₂Zr₂O₇ under high pressure have been studied by using Raman spectroscopy and in situ angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction (ADXRD). The results of Raman spectra indicate that Eu₂Zr₂O₇ undergoes a reversible structural change around 21.2?GPa. The results of Rietveld refinements from in situ ADXRD data indicate that the ordered pyrochlore structure (Fd-3m) transforms to the defect-cotunnite structure (Pnma) at 26.5?GPa. The phase transition is irreversible and the transformation process is mainly induced by the accumulations of anti-site defects of the cation sublattice and Frenkel defects on the anion sublattice. Besides, the <Zr–O> bonds should play a more important role than the <Eu–O> bonds in the process of the phase transformation.     

近红外全局隐含温度补偿模型的预测精度分析

温度波动影响含氢基团之间的作用力,从而影响近红外光谱的吸收强度和波峰位置等,导致近红外测量精度的降低。针对温度变化对近红外光谱建模精度的影响,对全局隐含温度补偿方法进行了研究,并对其预测精度进行了分析,分别从预测方差和置信区间两个方面对此类模型的精度进行了理论探讨和验证。同时通过温度的连续变化实验,即在温度连续变化的过程中,等时间间隔采集各样品的近红外光谱,研究了温度变化对光谱主元的连续模式影响,探讨了温度变化影响模型预测精度的方式和途径。最后对某高分子聚合物的粘度测量问题进行了实验验证和误差分析,得到标准温度下所建未经温度补偿的模型和全局隐含温度补偿模型的建模精度分别为：RMSEC=0.243 0, R_c=0.871 6, RMSEP=0.243 2, R_p=0.869 3; RMSEC=0.258 2, R_c=0.870 6, RMSEP=0.265 2, R_p=0.856 0,而当温度变化时,二者预测最大置信区间分别约为1.8和0.9 kPa·s。虽然全局隐含温度补偿模型相比于标准温度模型建模精度略降低,但预测精度提高了一倍左右。理论分析和实验结果均表明,全局温度补偿模型具有较高的预测精度,且对温度的变化有较强的鲁棒性和可靠性。     

CFD simulation of particle suspension in a stirred tank

Particle suspension characteristics are predicted computationally in a stirred tank driven by a Smith turbine. In order to verify the hydrodynamic model and numerical method, the predicted power number and flow pattern are compared with designed values and simulated results from the literature, respectively. The effects of particle density, particle diameter, liquid viscosity and initial solid loading on particle suspension behavior are investigated by using the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model and the standard k–? turbulence model. The results indicate that solid concentration distribution depends on the flow field in the stirred tank. Higher particle density or larger particle size results in less homogenous distribution of solid particles in the tank. Increasing initial solid loading has an adverse impact on the homogeneous suspension of solid particles in a low-viscosity liquid, whilst more uniform particle distribution is found in a high-viscosity liquid.     

CCD扫描检测光束准直度

提出一种检测光束准直度的新方法。在对波面矢高进行定义的基础上,提出CCD轴向扫描检测激光束准直度的方法。利用采样光波在会聚透镜后形成的衍射图样,测量两个相同基准衍射图样之间的距离,即可确定入射光波的波面矢高,进而确定入射光波的准直度。在给出测量原理及模拟基准衍射图样的基础上．进行了实验验证。CCD轴向扫描方法具有结构简单、加工便利、操作方便的特点,是检测光束准直度的有效方法。     

硅多晶质量检测分析中的磷检电阻率曲线研究

本文对几种典型的实测电阻率曲线进行分析,利用普凡公式和补偿后净载流子导电模型对曲线的异常进行了合理解释并用低温红外检测结果进行了对比验证.采用硼磷杂质浓度补偿净值方法计算出的数据接近实测情况,电阻率特性曲线符合普凡公式描述的规律,可作为理论特性曲线使用.     

介质阻挡放电低温等离子体脱硝性能研究

进行了介质阻挡放电低温等离子体脱除伴有SO₂的烟气中NO的研究,分别进行了直接等离子体脱硫脱硝和间接等离子体脱硫脱硝实验。在直接等离子体脱硫脱硝中,模拟烟气等混合气直接通入等离子体发生器,在反应器中电离分解NO以及和生成的高能电子、离子和自由基等离子体相互反应而进行脱除NO;间接等离子体脱硫脱硝中,模拟烟气连接在等离子体发生器出口与从反应器中产生出的等离子体发生氧化反应而进行脱除NO。结果表明,无论直接形式还是间接形式,脱硝效率都要比脱硫效率高,间接脱硫脱硝能够大大降低功率输入,节省能耗,具有重要的实际应用价值和意义。氨气的加入,有利于脱除效率的提升。