Vitrification and devitrification during the non-isothermal cure of a thermoset

The processes of vitrification and devitrification that occur in an epoxy resin when it cures non-isothermally with a hardener are studied in terms of their frequency dependence and as a function of the heating rate. A novel modulated DSC technique, TOPEM, has been used which permits the evaluation of the frequency dependence for a single sample in a scan at constant underlying heating rate, thus avoiding errors arising from the composition of the sample. The effects of both frequency and heating rate on vitrification and devitrification are investigated. Some advantages of this technique are observed and discussed.     

Simultaneous in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide and Fenton reaction over Pd-Fe catalysts

High mineralization degree of organic compounds can be achieved by a novel environmentally-friendly full heterogeneous Pd-Fe catalytic system, which involves in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide from formic acid and oxygen, and oxidation of organic compounds by Fenton process in a one-pot reaction.     

Atropisomeric discrimination in new Ru(II) complexes containing the C(2)-symmetric didentate chiral phenyl-1,2-bisoxazolinic ligand

A new family of Ru(II) complexes containing the tridentate meridional 2,2':6',2'-terpyridine (trpy) ligand, a C(2)-symmetric didentate chiral oxazolinic ligand 1,2-bis[4'-alkyl-4',5'-dihydro-2'-oxazolyl]benzene (Phbox-R, R = Et or iPr), and a monodentate ligand, of general formula [Ru(Y)(trpy)(Phbox-R)](n+) (Y = Cl, H(2)O, py, MeCN, or 2-OH-py (2-hydroxypyridine)) have been prepared and thoroughly characterized. In the solid state the complexes have been characterized by IR spectroscopy and by X-ray diffraction analysis in two cases. In solution, UV/Vis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy techniques have been used. We have also performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations with these complexes to interpret and complement experimental results. The oxazolinic ligand Phbox-R exhibits free rotation along the phenyloxazoline axes. Upon coordination this rotation is restricted by an energy barrier of 26.0 kcal mol(-1) for the case of [Ru(trpy)(Phbox-iPr)(MeCN)](2+) thus preventing its potential interconversion. Furthermore due to steric effects the two atropisomers differ in energy by 5.7 kcal mol(-1) and as a consequence only one of them is obtained in the synthesis. Subtle but important structural effects occur upon changing the monodentate ligands that are detected by NMR spectroscopy in solution and interpreted by using their calculated DFT structures.     

A highly selective synthesis of 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide involving a one-pot tandem hydroformylation-hydrogenation sequence

3-Hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide, an important intermediate in the synthesis of methyl methacrylate, has been obtained with excellent conversion and high selectivity from acrylamide by a tandem hydroformylation-hydrogenation sequence catalysed by Rh/PPh3 and Raney Ni, respectively.     

Pyrrole synthesis catalyzed by AgOTf or cationic Au(I) complexes

Either silver trifluoromethanesulfonate or a mixture of gold(I) chloride, silver trifluoromethanesulfonate, and triphenylphosphine catalyze the formation of pyrroles from substituted beta-alkynyl ketones and amines. The reactions proceed by using 5 mol % of catalyst with yields of isolated pyrroles ranging from 13% to 92%. Sixteen examples are used to compare the effectiveness of each catalyst.     

Reactions of an osmium-hexahydride complex with Cytosine, deoxycytidine, and cytidine: the importance of the minor tautomers

Complex OsH(6)(P(i)Pr(3))(2) (1) deprotonates cytosine to give molecular hydrogen and the d(4)-trihydride derivative OsH(3)(cytosinate)(P(i)Pr(3))(2) (2), which in solution exists as a mixture of isomers containing κ(2)-N1,O (2a) and κ(2)-N3,O (2b) amino-oxo and κ(2)-N3,N4 (2c) imino-oxo tautomers. The major isomer 2b associates with the minor one 2c through N-H···N and N-H···O hydrogen bonds to form [2b·2c](2) dimers, which crystallize from saturated pentane solutions of 2. Complex 1 is also able to perform the double deprotonation of cytosine (cytosinate') to afford the dinuclear derivative (P(i)Pr(3))(2)H(3)Os(cytosinate')OsH(3)(P(i)Pr(3))(2) (3), where the anion is coordinated κ(2)-N1,O and κ(2)-N3,N4 to two different OsH(3)(P(i)Pr(3))(2) metal fragments. The deprotonation of deoxycytidine and cytidine leads to OsH(3)(deoxycytidinate)(P(i)Pr(3))(2) (4) and OsH(3)(cytidinate)(P(i)Pr(3))(2) (5), respectively, containing the anion κ(2)-N3,N4 coordinated. Dimer [2b·2c](2) and dinuclear complex 3 have been characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis.     

High-precision tracking with non-blinking quantum dots resolves nanoscale vertical displacement

Novel non-blinking quantum dots (NBQDs) were utilized in three-dimensional super-localization, high-precision tracking applications under an automated scanning-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (SA-TIRFM). NBQDs were randomly attached to stationary microtubules along the radial axis under gliding assay conditions. By automatically scanning through a wide range of incident angles with different evanescent-field layer thicknesses, the fluorescence intensity decay curves were obtained. Fit with theoretical decay functions, the absolute vertical positions were determined with sub-10-nm localization precision. The emission intensity profile of the NBQDs attached to kinesin-propelled microtubules was used to resolve the self-rotation of gliding microtubules within a small vertical distance of ~50 nm. We demonstrate the applicability of NBQDs in high-precision fluorescence imaging experiments.     

Internal Dynamics in Halogen‐Bonded Adducts: A Rotational Study of Chlorotrifluoromethane–Formaldehyde

The rotational spectra of two isotopologues of the 1:1 complex between chlorotrifluoromethane and formaldehyde have been recorded and analyzed by using Fourier‐transform microwave spectroscopy. Only one rotamer was detected, with the two constituent molecules held together through a Cl???O halogen bond (R_Cl???O=3.048 Å). The dimer displays two simultaneous large‐amplitude intramolecular motions. The internal rotation of formaldehyde around its symmetry axis (V₂=28(5) cm^?1) splits all the rotational transitions into two component lines with a relative intensity ratio of 1:3. On the other hand, the almost free internal rotation (V₃≈2.5 cm^?1) of the CF₃ symmetric top increases the “rigid” value of the rotational constant A by almost one order of magnitude. In addition, all the transitions display a hyperfine structure due to the ³⁵Cl (or ³⁷Cl) nucleus quadrupole effects.     

Dinuclear complexes with a μ-cyano ligand. part IX. synthesis,characterization and magnetic studies of several derivatives of [Cr(CN)6]3− and [Cr(NO)(CN)5]3−

Summary Twelve dinuclear complexes, each with a bridging cyano group, of formulaecis-M[(aa)₂FCr-NC-Cr(CN)₅] andcis- M[(aa)₂FCr-NC-CrNO(CN)₄] (aa=ethylenediamine or 1,3-diaminopropane; M=K⁺, Na⁺ or NH ₄ ⁺ ) have been prepared by solid state heating of the corresponding doubly complexed saltstrans-M[CrF(H₂O)(aa)₂][Cr(CN)₆] andtrans-M [CrF(H₂O)(aa)₂][CrNO(CN)₅]. All have been characterized by chemical analysis, electronic and i.r. spectra and conductivity measurements.Magnetic susceptibilities down to liquid helium temperature have been determined forcis-K[(en)₂FCr-NC-Cr(CN)₅],cis-K[(tn)₂FCr-NC-Cr(CN)₅] andcis-K[(en)₂FCr-NC-CrNO-(CN)₄]. Slight antiferromagnetic interactions have been found in the first two compounds (J=–1.4 and –1.2 cm^–1, respectively). Thecis-K[(en)₂FCr-NC-CrNO(CN)₄] compound behaves as a Curie paramagnet and a structural model is proposed to explain this fact.