Electrophilic fluorinating reagent mediated synthesis of fluorinated alpha-keto Ethers,benzil, and 6,6'-dialkoxy-2,2'-bipyridines

Interactions of various fluorinated and nonfluorinated alcohols with trans-stilbene in the presence of electrophilic reagents were studied. Under neat conditions, reactions of trans-stilbene (1) with fluorinated alcohols, R(f)OH (R(f) = CF3CH2-, CFH2CH2-, CF3CF2CH2-, CF2H(CF2)3CH2-, (CF3)2CH-, (CF3)3C- (2a-f) in the presence of an electrophilic reagent, 1-(chloromethyl)-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (Selectfluor) or N,N-difluoro-2,2'-bipyridinium bis(tetrafluoroborate) (MEC-31), gave alpha-keto ethers (3a-f) and benzil (4) in good to moderate yields. alpha-Keto ether and benzil formation was very much dependent on the reaction time, the degree of fluorination of the alcohols, and whether a solvent such as CH3CN, DMF or DMA was utilized. In solution, alpha-keto ethers and benzil did not form. Interestingly, under neat conditions, nonfluorinated alcohols, ROH (R = CH3-, CH3CH2-, CH3CH2CH2-, CH3CH2CH2CH2-, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-) (5g-k) did not react with trans-stilbene in the presence of MEC-31 but gave 6,6'-dialkoxy-2,2'-bipyridines (6g-k), regioselectively, in excellent isolated yields. On the other hand, fluorinated alcohols did not react with MEC-31. Reaction of MEC-31 with an excess of diethylene glycol (7) gave the bipyridine derivative (8) in 88% isolated yield. Reaction of 8 either with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) or bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (Deoxofluor) readily produced the corresponding difluoro derivative (9) in 85% isolated yield. All new compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic and elemental analysis.     

Electrophoresis simulations using Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method on a moving mesh

We present the implementation and demonstration of the Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method coupled with an adaptive mesh method for performing fast and highly accurate electrophoresis simulations. The Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method offers higher numerical accuracy than all other finite difference methods and is applicable for simulating all electrophoresis techniques in channels with open or closed boundaries. To improve the computational efficiency, we use a novel moving mesh scheme that clusters the grid points in the regions with poor numerical resolution. We demonstrate the application of the Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method on a moving mesh for simulating nonlinear electrophoretic processes through examples of isotachophoresis (ITP), isoelectric focusing (IEF), and electromigration-dispersion in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) at current densities as high as 1000 A/m. We also show the efficacy of our moving mesh method over existing methods that cluster the grid points in the regions with large concentration gradients. We have integrated the adaptive Chebyshev pseudo-spectral method in the open-source SPYCE simulator and verified its implementation with other electrophoresis simulators.     

γ-radiolysis of acetylated cotton cellulose: An ESR study

The nature and behavior of free radicals induced in acetylated cotton celluloses irradiated with γ-rays have been studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Dehydrogenation and deacetylation appear to be responsible for the free radicals observed from samples irradiated at 77°K. The degree of substitution enhanced the yield of acetyl radicals when the samples were irradiated at 77°K and adversely affected the overall radical concentration when irradiation was done at 300°K. In addition, the ESR spectra of samples irradiated under vacuum at 300°K were more intense than those obtained from samples irradiated in air. The nature, yield, and post-irradiation behavior of the primary radicals are discussed in the light of the ultimate chemical effects observed.     

Zirconium(IV) fluorosulphates : Preparation and characterization

Zr(SO₃F)₄, (A); ZrO(SO₃F)₂, (B); Zr(O₂CCH₃)₂, (SO₃F)₂, (C); and Zr(O₂CCH₃)₃SO₃F, (D) have been prepared and characterized (elemental analysis,i.r. Spectra and thermal analysis). The SO₃F groups are bidentate in (A) – (C) but have C_3V symmetry in D where all the three oxygen atoms of SO₃F group are coordinated in an equivalent manner. (A) – (D) are good Lewis acids and form coordination complexes with pyridine, triphenylphosphine oxide and 2,2′-bipyridyl. The thermal decomposition of the fluorosulphates is complex.     

Peptides—XXXVII: Synthesis of the 1–37 fragment of a lysozyme analogue

Combination of the protected peptide fragments 1–16, 17–26 and 27–37 to yield the 1–37 portion of a lysozyme analogue is described. The fragments were combined using DCCI with the addition of HONSu, and the products purified mainly by gel filtration.     

The integration of certain products of the multivariableH-function with a general class of polynomials

The authors present six general integral formulas (four definite integrals and two contour inegrals) for theH-function of several complex variables, which was introduced and studied in a series of earlier papers by H. M. Srivastava and R. Panda (cf., e.g., [25] through [29]; see also [14] through [18], [20], [24], [32], [34], [35], [37], and [38]). Each of these integral formulas involves a product of the multivariableH-function and a general class of polynomials with essentially arbitrary coefficients which were considered elsewhere by H. M. Srivastava [21]. By assigning suiatble special values to these coefficients, the main results (contained in Theorems 1, 2 and 3 below) can be reduced to integrals involving the classical orthogonal polynomials including, for example, Hermite, Jacobi [and, of course, Gegenbauer (or ultraspherical), Legendre, and Tchebycheff], and Laguerre polynomials, the Bessel polynomials considered by H. L. Krall and O. Frink [9], and such other classes of generalized hypergeometric polynomials as those studied earlier by F. Brafman [3] and by H. W. Gould and A. T. Hopper [8]. On the other hand, the multivariableH-functions occurring in each of our main results can be reduced, under various special cases, to such simpler functions as the generalized Lauricella hypergeometric functions of several complex variables [due to H. M. Srivastava and M. C. Daoust (cf. [22] and [23])] which indeed include a great many of the useful functions (or the products of several such functions) of hypergeometric type (in one and more variables) as their particular cases (see,e. g., [1], [10] and [39]). Many of the aforementioned applications of our integral formulas (contained in Theorems 1, 2 and 3 below) are considered briefly. Further usefulness of some of these consequences of Theorems 1 and 2 in terms of the classical orthogonal polynomials is illustrated by considering a simple problem involving the orthogonal expansion of the multivariableH-function in series of Jacobi polynomials. It is also shown how these general integrals are related to a number of results scattered in the literature. 0261 0262 V     

Interaction of chloroform with aniline, o-toluidine and N,N-dimethyl aniline

Heats of mixing aniline, o-toluidine, and N,N-dimethyl aniline with chloroform have been determined by an adiabatic calorimeter. The results have been examined for molecular interactions between them, and they indicate that aniline and o-toluidine are associated through hydrogen bonds. Enthalpy of bond formation in a 1:1 complex has also been determined.     

Organic solid-state reactions

The role of voids and cracks in solid-state reaction between 8-hydroxyquinoline and phthalic anhydride has been investigated. 8-hydroxyquinoline reacts with phthalic anhydride both in solution and in solid state, forming a 1:1 yellow-colored complex. X-ray diffraction studies prove that the complex obtained from the solid-state reaction is the same as that obtained from solution. Several techniques have been used to study the kinetics of the reaction in the solid state. Kinetic studies by capillary technique showed that surface migration is the mode of diffusion of reactant concerned. Dilatometric technique confirms the formation of cracks and voids in the systems and shows that the reaction is propagated through the channels.     

Syntheses of the first N-mono- and N,N'-dipolyfluoroalkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium compounds

Reactions of 4,4'-bipyridine (1) with excess of polyfluoroalkyl iodides (2a-d) at 100-110 degrees C, under neat conditions, led to the formation of monoquaternary salts (3a-d) in > 90% yields. Salts 3a-d were metathesized with LiN(SO2CF3)2 either in water or water/acetone mixtures to form ionic liquids (4a-d), respectively, in > 88% yields. When 1 was reacted with 2.5 equivalent of 2a-c in DMF at 110 degrees C, the diquaternary salts 5a-c were formed in > 85% yields. Alternatively, 5a-c were also synthesized by heating a mixture of 3a-c and 2a-c (1.25 equivalent) in DMF. The metathesis reaction of 5a-c with LiN(SO2CF3)2 produced dicationic ionic liquids (6a-c) in > 86% yield.