Horizontal bridges in polar dielectric liquids

When a high-voltage direct-current is applied to two beakers filled with polar liquid dielectrica like water or methanol, a horizontal bridge forms between the two beakers. By repeating a version of Pellat’s experiment, it is shown that a horizontal bridge is stable by the action of electrohydrodynamic pressure. Thus, the static and dynamic properties of the phenomenon called a ‘floating water bridge’ can be explained by the gradient of Maxwell pressure, replenishing the liquid within the bridge against any drainage mechanism. It is also shown that a number of liquids can form stable and long horizontal bridges. The stability of such a connection, and the asymmetry in mass flow through such bridges caused by the formation of ion clouds in the vicinity of the electrodes, is also discussed by two further experiments.     

Dynamical behaviour of multi-particle large-scale systems

Collective behaviours can be observed in both natural and man-made systems composed of a large number of elemental subsystems. Typically, each elemental subsystem has its own dynamics but, whenever interaction between individuals occurs, the individual behaviours tend to be relaxed, and collective behaviours emerge. In this paper, the collective behaviour of a large-scale system composed of several coupled elemental particles is analysed. The dynamics of the particles are governed by the same type of equations but having different parameter values and initial conditions. Coupling between particles is based on statistical feedback, which means that each particle is affected by the average behaviour of its neighbours. It is shown that the global system may unveil several types of collective behaviours, corresponding to partial synchronisation, characterised by the existence of several clusters of synchronised subsystems, and global synchronisation between particles, where all the elemental particles synchronise completely.     

Smart dampers control in a Remoissenet–Peyrard substrate potential

A model of spring-block on a moving plate with a nonlinear periodic substrate potential whose shape can be varied continuously as a function of a shape parameter is investigated. The dynamical study of the system for different values of the shape parameter involves the analysis of phase space, the construction of bifurcation diagrams, and the computation of the largest Lyapunov exponent. A smart damper associated with drag coefficient is proposed to reduce stick-slip and chaotic motions. The domain of validity of the control method is derived.     

Uncertainty quantification in a chemical system using error estimate-based mesh adaption

This paper describes a rigorous a posteriori error analysis for the stochastic solution of non-linear uncertain chemical models. The dual-based a posteriori stochastic error analysis extends the methodology developed in the deterministic finite elements context to stochastic discretization frameworks. It requires the resolution of two additional (dual) problems to yield the local error estimate. The stochastic error estimate can then be used to adapt the stochastic discretization. Different anisotropic refinement strategies are proposed, leading to a cost-efficient tool suitable for multi-dimensional problems of moderate stochastic dimension. The adaptive strategies allow both for refinement and coarsening of the stochastic discretization, as needed to satisfy a prescribed error tolerance. The adaptive strategies were successfully tested on a model for the hydrogen oxidation in supercritical conditions having 8 random parameters. The proposed methodologies are however general enough to be also applicable for a wide class of models such as uncertain fluid flows.     

Minimal loading conditions for higher-order numerical homogenisation schemes

The present study deals with the formulation of minimal loading conditions for microscale applications in numerical two-scale modelling (FE²) approaches. From the homogenisation concept, a set of volume average rules constrains the microscale PDE to be solved. They are considered to be the minimal set of loading conditions and can be specified by additional polynomial or periodic assumptions, for example, on the microscale displacement field. Whereas the resulting volume integrals can be transformed into surface integrals for so-called first-order homogenisation schemes, this is not possible for a second-order homogenisation of second gradient or micromorphic effective media substituting a heterogeneous microcontinuum represented by a volume element on the microscale. Several numerical examples compare the minimal loading condition concept with standard techniques discussed in literature.     

Diffusion of biostimulators into plant tissues

Biostimulators are substances able to enhance the immune system of cultivated crops and support plant metabolism. Their utilization helps to reduce the amount of chemicals used in agriculture. To perform the desired effect, a biostimulator must be able to penetrate into the plant tissue. The time of penetration however, is limited, since the biostimulator must remain in a liquid state. This is of great importance—especially in field conditions, where the treated plants are exposed to different weather condition and other extrinsic factors. A mathematical model based on diffusion mechanisms has been elaborated to describe the biostimulator transport process from penetration of the leaves into the plant’s inner tissues. By means of the effective diffusion coefficient of the prepared specific protein hydrolyzate, this model can be used to estimate the time necessary for the uptake of the minimal active amount of the biostimulator.     

Fractional electrical model for modified bismuth oxide

Modified bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) is of great importance to fuel cells and oxide varistors. The electrical parameters of Bi₂O₃ vary with its modifying components as well as with its aging temperature. This paper presents an analysis of impedance test results carried out to find an equivalent electric model and the relationship between the model's elements to various additives used to modify Bi₂O₃ and to changes in aging temperature. The proposed model was tested via computer simulation and the model parameters correlated to individual modifiers.     

Analytical solution of three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations for the flow near an infinite rotating disk

In this letter, we will consider variational iteration method (VIM) and Padé approximant, for finding analytical solutions of three-dimensional viscous flow near an infinite rotating disk. The solutions is compared with the numerical (fourth-order Runge–Kutta) solution. The results illustrate that VIM–Padé is an appropriate method in solving the systems of nonlinear equations. It is predicted that VIM–Padé can have wide application in engineering problems (especially for boundary-layer and natural convection problems).     

Growth, thermal stability and structure of ultrathin Zn-layers on Pd(1 1 1)

Low-energy ion scattering with monolayer sensitivity was applied to investigate ultrathin films of zinc on Pd(1?1?1). Uptake curves taken at 150?K indicate the simultaneous growth of multilayers with negligible interlayer transport. Annealing experiments for two-monolayer films reveal a rapid decrease in the zinc content on the surface layer at temperatures above 300?K, forming a metastable state with a Pd:Zn surface ratio of approx. 1:1 in the temperature region between 400 and 550?K. This state is most easily explained as a slightly buckled p(2?×?1)-PdZn surface alloy, with Zn atoms located approx. 0.25?? above their Pd counterparts.