Simulation-based optimisation of wastewater flow and composition for on-site treatment in the food and beverage industry utilising reference nets in combination with genetic algorithms

This study introduces the concept of computer modelling and simulation of complex bioprocesses and systems using an approach that combines the reference net formalism with machine learning and optimisation techniques. Reference nets are an extension of high level Petri Nets, which can be used as a central visualisation and modelling tool. The net-in-net paradigm used by reference nets makes it possible to model complex processes, such as those found in the food and beverage industry. A plugin/interface system based on the java programming language allows implementation of advanced mathematical modelling techniques at specific points in entire system simulations. Separate optimisation tools can also run and modify existing reference net models for fast solutions to efficiency problems. We present an example system that simulates a specific section of a beer brewery using the reference net formalism, which is optimised using a genetic algorithm. We show in detail how the different software packages can be combined for a simulation based optimisation approach. The optimisation technique specifically addresses the wastewater pollution load in regard to its chemical oxygen demand. A beer brewery was chosen as an example for this study due to the constantly increasing requirements to lower energy and water consumption in this industry. One possibility to lower the energy and water demands is to effectively treat wastewater produced by the brewery, which can introduce cost savings by providing recycled water and biogas. Most approaches to wastewater treatment are end-of-pipe solutions that do not consider the brewery as a whole. A brewery contains many processes that can be running concurrently and interacting with one another (e.g. brewing, clean-in-place and bottling) with each process producing varying amounts of wastewater with different pollution loads. Optimisation of the scheduling of the different processes with respect to the wastewater production will allow for more effective wastewater treatment, and therefore cost and energy savings. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Preservation of the Pt(100) surface reconstruction after growth of a continuous layer of graphene

Scanning tunneling microscopy shows that a layer of graphene can be grown on the hex-reconstructed Pt(100) surface and that the reconstruction is preserved after growth. A continuous sheet of graphene can be grown across domain boundaries and step edges without loss of periodicity or change in direction. Density functional theory calculations on a simple model system support the observation that the graphene can have different rotation angles relative to the hex-reconstructed Pt surface. The graphene sheet direction can be changed by incorporating pentagon-heptagon defects giving rise to accommodation of edge dislocations. The defect formation energy and the induced buckling of the graphene have been characterized by DFT calculations.     

低钠盐及其化验研究

介绍了低钠盐对人体的作用，对低钠盐的定性和定量分析方法进行了研究，包括：低钠盐中镁离子和钾离子的鉴定，用EDTA滴定法测定低钠盐中镁含量和用间接滴定法测定低钠盐中钾含量。     

Analysis of surface layers of an iron axe from Early Medieval Age

An ancient axe from Early Medieval Age which was unearthed on a territory of the archaeological excavation site near the village Borovce (Slovakia) is investigated. The surface of the axe was supposed to be covered with a sort of glassy system. Mössbauer effect measurements performed in backscattering and transmission geometry upon original as well as powdered pieces of the axe confirmed that the surface layers of the axe consist of goethite, lepidocrite, akageneite, and/or magnetite. After temperature treatment at 400°C/100 min hematite and maghemite were found; these are products of thermal decomposition of the above mentioned iron phases. These findings ruled out the hypothesis that the surface covering substance was put on the axe by intention.     

相对论平均场理论中的有效超子-核子相互作用

利用相对论平均场理论,结合单超核的实验数据,研究了核介质中的Λ超子–核子有效相互作用.通过符合13ΛC超核中Λ超子1s轨道的结合能实验值,给出了5组Λ超子–核子有效相互作用参数.利用这些参数组对质量数从9到2?0?8的单Λ超核和核物质中最低Λ态的束缚能进行了系统计算,得到的结果与实验值相符.     

Photochemical intramolecular nitrene insertion of 6-azidouridine derivatives

A highly efficient intramolecular nitrene insertion was observed upon irradiation of 6-azidouridine derivatives. The N⁶,2′-cyclo structure of the product was determined unequivocally by X-ray crystallography.     

Weak Covering at Large Cardinals

We show that weakly compact cardinals are the smallest large cardinals k where k⁺ < k⁺ is impossible provided 0^# does not exist. We also show that if k^+Kc < k⁺ for some k being weakly compact (where K^c is the countably complete core model below one strong cardinal), then there is a transitive set M with M ? ZFC + “there is a strong cardinal”.     

THERMODYNAMIC AND PARTICLE-DYNAMIC STUDIES ON SYNTHESIS OF SILICA NANOPARTICLES USING MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMA CVD

1. Introduction1.1 Silica nanoparticles and synthesis methods Silica (SiO2) nanoparticles are widely used in industry asan active filler for polymer reinforcement, a rheologicaladditive in fluids, a free flow agent in powders, and anagent for chemical mechanical polishing during IC (inte-grated circuit) fabrication (Sniegowski & de Boer, 2000).Silica powder is also used for producing silicon carbide(Koc & Cattamanchi, 1998) or opaque silica aerosols (Leeet al., 1995). Many methods can …     

Atmospheric pressure waves in the field of volcanology

Atmospheric pressure waves are a notable phenomenon associated with explosive volcanic eruptions. They can provide us with information about eruption processes that are useful both scientifically and practically. In this paper, we give a brief review of studies that have been carried out on this phenomenon in the field of volcanology. Then, we introduce a prototype tool called ‘MOVE’ (Mobile Observatory for Volcanic Explosions). It is a remote-controlled vehicle carrying various instruments to observe pressure waves and the eruption processes. PACS 91.40.Dr · 91.40.Ft · 93.65.+e · 93.85.+qThis paper was based on work presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Interdisciplinary Shock Wave Research, Sendai, Japan on March 1–3, 2005.     

空气冲击波在坑道内走时规律的实验研究

介绍了内爆炸试验的发展及现状,通过实验研究建立了可以对高能炸药在坑道内爆炸的空气冲击波到时进行预计的公式。该公式适用于爆点在固定横截面的直通道口外、口内及口部处爆炸的情况。利用该公式可以求出空气冲击波在坑道中传播速度的变化。