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101.
Hydraulic fracture models typically couple a fracture elasticity model with a geological reservoir model to forecast the rate
of fluid leak-off from the propagating fracture. The most commonly used leak-off model is that originally specified by Carter,
which involves the assumption that the fracture is embedded within an infinite homogenous porous medium where flow only occurs
perpendicular to the fracture plane. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to show that assuming one-dimensional leak-off
can lead to erroneous conclusions, (2) to present a robust numerical methodology for simulating three-dimensional leak-off
from propagating hydraulic fractures, and (3) to present and compare a new analytical method based on assuming three-dimensional
flow of an incompressible fluid through an incompressible porous formation from a circular planar fracture. Provided the fluid
and formation compressibility can be ignored within the reservoir flow model, the three-dimensional leak-off from a circular
planar fracture can be written in closed-form as a function, which depends linearly on fracture pressure and radial extent.
This simple expression for leak-off can be easily coupled to a range of circular fracture elasticity models. As a comparison
example, the Carter model, our new function and a three-dimensional numerical model of the full problem are coupled to the
PK-radial fracture model. Comparison with the numerical model shows that our new function overestimates fracture growth during
intermediate times but accurately predicts both the early and late-time asymptotic behavior. In contrast, the Carter model
fails to replicate both the early and late-time asymptotic behavior. Our new function additionally improves on the Carter
model by not requiring the evaluation of convolution integrals and allowing easy evaluation of both the spatial leakage flux
distribution across the fracture face and the three-dimensional pressure distribution within the porous formation. 相似文献
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Dr. Mathias Paul Eric Detmar Dr. Maria Schlangen Dr. Martin Breugst Dr. Jörg-Martin Neudörfl Prof. Dr. Dr. Helmut Schwarz Prof. Dr. Albrecht Berkessel Prof. Dr. Mathias Schäfer 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,25(10):2511-2518
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs, :C ) can interact with azolium salts ( C−H+ ) by either forming a hydrogen-bonded aggregate ( CHC+ ) or a covalent C−C bond ( CCH+ ). In this study, the intramolecular NHC–azolium salt interactions of aromatic imidazolin-2-ylidenes and saturated imidazolidin-2-ylidenes have been investigated in the gas phase by traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TW IMS) and DFT calculations. The TW IMS experiments provided evidence for the formation of these important intermediates in the gas phase, and they identified the predominant aggregation mode (hydrogen bond vs. covalent C−C) as a function of the nature of the interacting carbene–azolium pairs. 相似文献
105.
Gemma M. Locke Dr. Stefan S. R. Bernhard Prof. Dr. Mathias O. Senge 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,25(18):4590-4647
Nonconjugated hydrocarbons, like bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, triptycene, and cubane are a unique class of rigid linkers. Due to their similarity in size and shape they are useful mimics of classic benzene moieties in drugs, so-called bioisosteres. Moreover, they also fulfill an important role in material sciences as linear linkers, in order to arrange various functionalities in a defined spatial manner. In this Review article, recent developments and usages of these special, rectilinear systems are discussed. Furthermore, we focus on covalently linked, nonconjugated linear arrangements and discuss the physical and chemical properties and differences of individual linkers, as well as their application in material and medicinal sciences. 相似文献
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Thomas Prenveille Cyrielle Garreau Mathias Matner Dirk Dijkstra Wilhelm Oppermann Diethelm Johannsmann 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2019,57(5):621-629
The reactivity of urethanes based on 1,6‐hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and 4,4′‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was investigated at temperatures between 190 °C and 235 °C. Diurethane model compounds end‐capped with either 1‐dodecanol (D‐core‐D) or 1‐hexadecanol (H‐core‐H) were mixed and annealed at high temperature. The core was either MDI or HDI. The transurethanization reaction was followed based on the formation of the compounds (H‐core‐D). The amount of H‐core‐D and of side products, which had formed after variable annealing times, were identified with 1H NMR, FTIR, SEC, and MALDI‐TOF. Transurethanization was considerably faster for MDI‐based urethanes than for HDI‐based urethanes. Only traces of side products were formed during annealing of MDI‐based urethanes, whereas a significant amount of allophanates was formed from HDI‐based urethanes under the same conditions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019 , 57, 621–629 相似文献
110.
S. Mathias M. Wessendorf S. Passlack M. Aeschlimann M. Bauer 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2006,82(3):439-445
Epitaxial ultra-thin Ag films grown on Cu(111) have been investigated by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The thickness
dependence of the binding energy for the Shockley surface state at 300 K could be determined accurately in films up to 5 ML
thick. Furthermore, we observe drastic changes in the film morphology after annealing to 450 K. Spectral modifications in
the shape of the quantum-well states (QWS), characteristic for these ultra-thin silver films, prove that the surface morphology
is homogeneous. The photoemission spectra also indicate that the silver film bifurcates to form a film exhibiting two distinct
film thicknesses. For all levels of silver coverage, we identify surface regions that are 2 ML thick, while the thickness
of the remaining surface depends on the amount of deposited silver. The almost purely Lorentzian line-shape of the spectral
features corresponding to the two different surface regions show that both surface areas are atomically flat.
PACS 68.55.Jk; 73.20.At; 73.21.Fg; 79.60.Dp 相似文献