Evaluation of firm’s loss due to incomplete information in real investment decision

We investigate the effect of incomplete information in a model where a start-up with a unique idea and technology pioneers a new market but will eventually be expelled from the market by a large firm’s subsequent entry. We evaluate the start-up’s loss due to incomplete information about the large firm’s behavior. We clarify conditions under which the start-up needs more information about the large firm. The proposed method of evaluating the loss due to incomplete information could also be applied to other real options models involving incomplete information.     

Study of boron nitride by electron energy-loss spectroscopy

An interband π plasmon and π* edge have been observed in the spectrum of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). This result is in good agreement with that     

Stereospecific synthesis of chiral precursors of thienamycin from L-Threonine

L-Threonine was transformed, stereospecifically, to a versatile β-lactam (5a) in 3 steps. This β-lactam was further converted to a key intermediate (25) for the synthesis of thienamycin and its biologically active analogues. Furthermore, the compound 5a was changed to iodides (18 and 23), cyanides (19 and 24), chloromethylketone (26) and aldehydes (30 and 31) which appear to have a latent potential as precursors for the syntheses of the carbapenems.     

Reaction of alkynyltrimethylsilanes with a hypervalent organoiodine compound: A new general synthesis of alkynyliodonium salts

New general methods for the synthesis of alkynyl(phenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate 2 from alkynyltrimethylsilanes 1 utilizing the combination of iodosylbenzene and triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate or boron trifluoride etherate were developed. The medium effect observed in the reaction was also discussed.     

The nucleophilic substitution of methylthio group on the 1,4-dihydro-2-methylthiopyrimidine rings

N-Substituted 2-alkylthio-1,4-dihydro-4,4,6-trimethylpyrimidines easily reacted with methanol to give corresponding 2-methoxy-1,4-dihydropyrimidines, while the other nucleophiles did not react on the C-2 carbon of the pyrimidine rings. However, the substitution of alkylthio group easily proceeded intramolecularly even with weak nucleophilic groups, e.g., phenolic oxygen, thiophenolic sulfur, and anilino nitrogen atom, to yield bi- or tricyclic pyrimidine derivatives.     

Dielectric constants of adsorbed CO on Cu and Ag

Adsorption of CO on evaporated Ag and Cu films was studied by ellipsometry and resistivity measurements. Changes in ellipsometric angles δΔ and δψ due to adsorption of CO were analyzed by an improved linear approximation of the stratified layer model of adsorption. Adsorption of CO on Cu induced a 23% increase in the relative resistivity change (δR/R) which was proportional to δψ, while adsorption of CO on Ag induced a 1% increase without the proportionality. The dielectric constant of CO adsorbed on Ag is $\text{?}{}_1\text{= 2.2?0.7i}$ at λ = 1152 nm in comparison to ?₁ = 2.1 for gas phase CO; that of CO on Cu is $\text{?}{}_1\text{= ?4.8 ? 8.5i}$, which is consistent with the prediction by the Bennett and Penn theory. The large difference in $\text{}\text{?}$ge₁, of adsorbed CO on Ag and Cu is understood in terms of the energy level of the 2 π molecular orbital of adsorbed CO relative to the Fermi level. A possibility of adlayer plasmon excitation is discussed.     

Infrared intensities of ion-water interactions in aqueous electrolyte solutions

The i.r. absorption intensities have been measured of the fundamental vibrations of water molecules in metal halide aqueous solutions. Pseudo-isosbestic points were observed in the regions of both the stretching and bending vibrations and interpreted in terms of two states of water molecules in the solutions. The intensities of the stretching vibrations of water molecules coordinated to the dissolved ions have been estimated. The intensities become stronger in the order, Li⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ for the cations and F^- > Cl^- > Br^- > I^- for the anions. These orders are consistent with the strengths of the ion-water interactions, which are related to the dynamical behavior of the water molecules in the primary hydration shell.     

Theory of diffusion-controlled reaction between non-simple molecules. II

A simplified version of the closure approximation, presented in the preceding paper, is applied to the reaction of rigid or flexible macromolecular systems. Two effects are found to be important for understanding the characteristic features of the reaction rates of these systems: (i) the orientation effect, which expresses the accessibility of the active sites, and (ii) the relaxation effect, which reflects the nature of the brownian motion of the active sites.