Computer generation of chemical structures from known fragments

The interactive generation of chemical structures from given fragments is described and discussed. It is implemented as a part of our expert system CARBON, based on C-13 NMR spectra. As it is designed, this program can also be a useful tool in the structure elucidation process when information on parts of the structure is obtained by other means (IR, mass and other spectrometries, chemical analysis, other relevant information). The topological characteristics of candidate fragments are first chosen interactively and then the elements are connected in all topologically possible ways. In the following step, the topological building blocks are substituted by chemical structural fragments resulting in a set of all chemical structures consistent with the input information.     

Röntgenographische,thermoelektrische, und IR-spektroskopische Untersuchung des Spinellsystems LixMn1−xV2O4

The spinels of the system Li_xMn_1?xV₂O₄ (0 ? x ? 1) have been prepared at 700–750°C from LiV₂O₄ and MnV₂O₄. The lattice constants decrease linearly with increasing x. In the region x>0.75, the d-electrons of V should be delocalized as the VV distances are lower than the critical VV separation of 2.94 Å. Experimentally, the samples with x>0.6 show no IR absorption bands and the Seebeck coefficient is near zero. The Seebeck coefficient can be described with a model of intermediate polarons and can be expressed by the equation $\text{Θ = 198}\text{log}\text{[1 +}\text{(1 ? x)}{}^5\text{x}\text{]}$.     

AES investigations on starting powders for high performance ceramics

AES depth profiles on ceramic powders (untreated/hydrolyzed/oxidized/ (Al, Y)₂O₃ coated Si₃N₄, [BaO, SiO₂] coated Al₂O₃) are feasible on thin, homogeneous layers or m sized agglomerations prepared on an Au foil. By means of the depth profiles one can qualitatively characterize the coating around the particles. Factor analysis of the depth profiles on the differently treated Si₃N₄ powders suggests the existence of an Si₂N₂O phase on the oxidized sample.Dedicated to Professor Günther Tölg on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Spinelle mit substituierten Nichtmetallteilgittern. IV. Rötgenographische Untersuchung der Systeme CuCr2(S1−xSex)4 und CuCr2(Se1−xTex)4

Spinels with substituted Nonmetal Sublattices. IV. CuCr₂(S_1?xSe_x)₄ and CuCr₂(Se_1?xTe_x)₄ Polycrystalline samples of the spinel system CuCr₂(S_1?xSe_x)₄ have been prepared with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. We found that in the spinel system CuCr₂(Se_1?xTe_x)₄ no solid solution is existent in the range 0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.70. When S is substituted by Se and Se by Te the lattice constants increase linearely by 0.52 Å and 0.81 Å respectively. The anion-sublattice shows random distribution of the chalcogen atoms, the chalcogen parameters u are constant in the system CuCr₂(S_1?xSe_x)₄ with a mean value of u = 0.382₉. The calculated anion-cation-distances lead to a covalent tetrahedral radius r_Cu = 1.23 Å. This radius is in agreement with the radius r_Cu = 1.22 Å of Cu spinels with Cu in the valence +1.     

Mo¨ssbauer studies of thiospinels. III. The system FeCr2S4 -FeIn2S4

Polycrystalline samples of spinel compounds FeCr_2?xIn_xS₄ have been obtained in the range 0 ≦ x ≦ 2. The nonlinear changes of the cell parameters are explained by the nonlinear behavior of the inversion parameter λ according to the ionic distribution Fe²⁺_1?λIn³⁺_λ[Cr³⁺_2?xFe²⁺_λIn³⁺_x?λ]S^2?₄. Room temperature⁵⁷Fe-Mo¨ssbauer spectra exhibit two sets of absorptions for tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated Fe, respectively, each consisting of several overlapping doublets of similar isomer shifts but varying quadrupole splittings. The partial intensity of octahedral-site Fe is in agreement with λ. The spectra can be understood by accounting for the influence of variable octahedral-site neighbors on tetrahedral-site iron.     

Light-induced coumarin cyclopentannelation

[reaction: see text] Whereas cyclopentenylcarbenes resulting from photocycloaddition of 4-alk-1-ynylcoumarins to 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene undergo tandem cyclization to hitherto unknown tetracyclic (4-hetera)cyclopent[b,c]acenaphthylenes, the corresponding cyclopentenylnitrenes stemming from 4-cyanocoumarins and the same alkene are converted into tricyclic imines via H-abstraction.     

Multiple steady states in a CSTR with total condenser: Comparison of equilibrium and nonequilibrium models

Comparison of equilibrium and nonequilibrium models of a CSTR with total condenser focused on the multiple steady states and dynamic behaviour was carried out. The steady-state behaviour of the model system, MTBE synthesis from methanol and isobutene in a reactive distillation column, was studied in terms of the input parameters, i. e. feed flow rate of methanol or butenes, reflux ratio, and mass of catalyst. The dynamic behaviour of the system during the start-up was investigated and perturbations of manipulated variables were found to cause transitions between the parallel steady states. Presented at the 33rd International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 22–26 May 2006.     

Novel approach to the synthesis of 3-acyl substituted indolizines. The synthesis of 3-(indolizinyl-2)alanine and 4-(indolizinyl-3) homoalanine derivatives

A novel approach to the synthesis of 3-acylindolizines and the transformations of some acids into tryptophane analogues are described. Reaction of ethyl 2-pyridinylacetate and methyl 2-quinolinylacetate with N-trifluoroacetyl-5-bromo-4-oxonorvaline methylester led to N-trifluoroacetyl-3-(1-ethoxycarbonylindolizinyl-2) alanine methyl ester and N-trifluoroacetyl-3-(3-methoxycarbonylpyrrolo [1,2-a]quinolinyl-2) alanine methyl ester, respectively. Treatment of ethyl 2-pyridinylacetate and 2-pyridinylacetonitrile, first with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMFDMA), followed by reaction with phenacyl bromide, gave the corresponding 3-benzoylindolizines, while the reaction of ethyl 2-pyridinylacetate and 2-pyridinylacetonitrile with DMFDMA, followed by treatment with (S)-N-trifluoroacetyl-5-bromo-4-oxonorvaline methyl ester, gave the corresponding N-trifluoroacetyl-4-oxo-4-(indolizinyl-3)homoalanine methyl esters.