Ruminant pregastric lipases: experimental evidence of their potential as industrial catalysts in food technology

The historical importance of pregastric enzymes in cheese-making is reviewed and the potential for extending their use is discussed in terms of requiring an understanding of their physicochemical parameters. Commericial extracts from the tongues and epiglotti of suckling lambs and calves and adult goats have been processed to yield partially purified samples of the primary pregastric lipase (PGL). The N-terminal sequence and molecular weight of lamb PGL have been determined.

The activity of lamb and goat PGLs against tributyrin has been determined over a range of pH and temperature values. Optimum conditions were pH 6.4, 43°C, and pH 6.0, 52°C, for lamb and goat PGL respectively. The possible influence of the development of a ruminant multi-chambered stomach on the difference in optimal temperature is discussed. A lengthening of the carboxylic acid chain of homoacid triglycerides causes a decrease in hydrolytic activity of lamb PGL but in all cases only a single free fatty acid was released. Against a series of 4-nitrophenylalkanoate esters, maximum activity was observed against the decanoate ester but, in contrast to hydrolysis of the acetate ester which exhibited full Michaelis-Menten kinetics with increasing substrate concentration, activity against the decanoate ester was restricted to the monomeric substrate. Taurocholate inhibits the activity of lamb PGL at concentrations >8 mM. Values of pK₂ equal to 6.69 and 7.92 respectively have been determined for lamb PGL.

Attempts to interesterify coconut oil and cocoa butter, and tributyrin and tricaprylin, catalysed by calf PGL were unsuccessful, although positive results obtained using Candida cylindracea encourage further investigation of alternative methods for immobilizing the PGL. Finally, anhydrous milk fat has been hydrolysed by calf, lamb and goat PGLs and the differences in relative amounts of released free fatty acids have been used to explain the differences in taste which arise when Parmesan cheese is produced using different sources of PGL.     

Elucidation of the pore structure of SBA-2 using Monte Carlo simulation to interpret experimental data for the adsorption of light hydrocarbons

We have measured the adsorption of methane and ethane to high pressure on SBA-2, a structured mesoporous silica composed of spheres connected by narrow channels. The experimental data were analyzed by carrying out Monte Carlo simulations of adsorption in pore structure models of different complexity and then adjusting the parameters of the models to match the Monte Carlo results to the experimental data. We found that a model based on single-sized spherical cavities was inadequate and that it is necessary to explicitly account for the interconnecting channels. Further, we found that despite the basic regularity of the SBA-2 structure, it is necessary to allow for a distribution of the sizes of both the cavities and the channels. These size distributions were obtained by fitting the parameters of the model to the experimental adsorption data, revealing detailed structural information not previously known for this material. The channels were found to be 5-15 A in diameter, while the cavities were 40-50 A in diameter. There is some evidence that the distribution of channel sizes leads to a percolation effect whereby the pore structure is not equally accessible to all adsorptives.     

Monitoring some phenoxyl-type N-methylcarbamate pesticide residues in fruit juices using high-performance liquid chromatography with peroxyoxalate-chemiluminescence detection

A systematic investigation of optimal conditions for determining three of the most common phenoxyl-type N-methylcarbamate pesticides (carbaryl, carbofuran and propoxur) in fruit juices by HPLC with peroxyoxalate-chemiluminescence detection is described. The required pre-column hydrolysis of pesticides and derivatization of their hydrolytic metabolites with dansyl chloride was simultaneously carried out in a short time thanks to the micellar catalytic effect provided by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide micelles on the hydrolysis step. The liquid chromatographic separation of the dansylated phenols was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with isocratic elution. The analytes were detected by using an integrated derivatization chemiluminescence detection unit based on the bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate-hydrogen peroxide system. Fruit juice samples containing 4.0-1500 microg/l pesticides were analysed with a precision of ca. 6.5%. After contamination of the fruit juice samples, average recovery > 93% at fortification levels of 10-100 microg/l was obtained.     

A Comparative Study of Naproxen – Beta Cyclodextrin Complexes Prepared by Conventional Methods and Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Naproxen is a poorly soluble anti-inflammatorydrug, the solubility of which canbe enhanced by complexation withbeta-cyclodextrin. Besides that, the inclusioncomplex reduces the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects of the drug. The aim of this work was to compare the physicochemical characteristics of the solid complexes prepared by traditional methods (kneading, freeze-drying and spray-drying) and using a supercritical fluid technology. The unusual solvent properties of carbon dioxide above their critical temperature and pressure were exploited in order to prepare inclusion compounds. Complexes prepared using supercritical fluid technology showed similar properties to those of freeze-drying andspray-drying complexes as proved by DSC, FT-IRand UV.     

Ag(I) complexes with alkylidene-bis(2-aminopyrimidines) as building units for discrete metallomacrocyclic frames. A structural and solution study

Alkylidene-bis(2-aminopyrimidines) (pyr2Cx, x = 2-5) are useful ligands to interact with Ag(I) yielding discrete metallocycles. Crystal structures of the [(pyr2C2)Ag(NO3)]2 and [(H-pyr2C4)Ag(NO3)2]2 have been isolated where each macrocyclic moiety interacts with their surroundings through weak interactions, yielding 3D discrete structures, On the other hand, the solution study shows that the equilibrium constants for the formation of Ag(pyr2Cx)+ complexes are higher than the literature values for Ag(I) complexes with single pyrimidines, although the differences could be explained by invoking the solid-state structures of the Ag(I)-pyr2Cx complexes.     

Determination of mercury in soils and sediments by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with slurry sampling

A graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric procedure for the determination of mercury is presented, in which the samples are suspended in a solution containing hydrofluoric and nitric acids. Silver nitrate (4% m/v) and potassium permanganate (3%) are incorporated, in the order specified, and aliquots are directly introduced into the graphite furnace. A fast heating programme with no conventional pyrolysis step is used. The detection limit for mercury in a 125 mg ml⁻¹ suspension is 0.1 μg g⁻¹. Calibration is performed by using aqueous standards. The reliability of the procedure is proved by analysing certified reference materials.     

Time-resolved spectroscopy of solid poly(1-vinyl naphthalene)following electron beam pulse radiolysis: pulse radiolytic studies on polymers

Transient emission studies following pulse radiolysis of solid poly(1-vinyl naphthalene) show existence of excited monomers and two excimers. Quenching experiments indicate that excimers are not formed directly by recombination of ions but probably by trapping of migrating monomeric excitation in performed traps whose density is approximately one in 10³.     

A multisyringe flow-through sequential extraction system for on-line monitoring of orthophosphate in soils and sediments

A fully automated flow-through microcolumn fractionation system with on-line post-extraction derivatization is proposed for monitoring of orthophosphate in solid samples of environmental relevance. The system integrates dynamic sequential extraction using 1.0 mol l⁻¹ NH₄Cl, 0.1 mol l⁻¹ NaOH and 0.5 mol l⁻¹ HCl as extractants according to the Hieltjes-Lijklema (HL) scheme for fractionation of phosphorus associated with different geological phases, and on-line processing of the extracts via the Molybdenum Blue (MB) reaction by exploiting multisyringe flow injection as the interface between the solid containing microcolumn and the flow-through detector. The proposed flow assembly, capitalizing on the features of the multicommutation concept, implies several advantages as compared to fractionation analysis in the batch mode in terms of saving of extractants and MB reagents, shortening of the operational times from days to hours, highly temporal resolution of the leaching process and the capability for immediate decision for stopping or proceeding with the ongoing extraction. Very importantly, accurate determination of the various orthophosphate pools is ensured by minimization of the hydrolysis of extracted organic phosphorus and condensed inorganic phosphates within the time frame of the assay. The potential of the novel system for accommodation of the harmonized protocol from the Standards, Measurement and Testing (SMT) Program of the Commission of the European Communities for inorganic phosphorus fractionation was also addressed. Under the optimized conditions, the lowest detectable concentration at the 3σ level was ≤0.02 mg P l⁻¹ for both the HL and SMT schemes regardless of the extracting media. The repeatability of the MB assay was better than 2.5% and the dynamic linear range extended up to 7.0 mg P l⁻¹ in NH₄Cl and NaOH media and 15 mg P l⁻¹ whenever HCl is utilized as extractant for both the HL and SMT protocols.     

Determination of dinoseb by adsorptive stripping voltammetry using a mercury film electrode

An adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for the determination of the pesticide dinoseb (2-sec.-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) at the mercury film electrode is described. The deposition of the mercury film on a glassy carbon disk electrode was optimized. The temperature, at which the mercury film was deposited, was demonstrated to have a strong influence on the stripping peaks, the first one being much more intense than the second. A systematic study of the variables affecting the stripping response was carried out by differential pulse voltammetry. The results obtained have been compared with those at the HMDE; a significant improvement in the sensitivity of the method developed with the MFE was observed. Using a 300 s accumulation time, the limits of determination and detection were 3.6 × 10^–10 and 1.1 × 10^–10 mol L^–1, respectively. The effect of the presence of several herbicides on the dinoseb response was also tested. The method has been applied to the determination of the pesticide in spiked apple juice at two concentration levels: 12.0 and 1.2 g L^–1 of juice.     

Liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection for the analysis of tetracycline residues in honey

The separation of tetracyclines (TCs) using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) is proposed. The use of an amide-based stationary phase prevents the interaction of tetracyclines with the residual silanol groups and thus avoids the appearance of tailed peaks. Detection was based on using an UV spectrophotometer and gradient elution with acetonitrile-oxalic acid as mobile phase permitted good separation of all the peaks. Specificity was demonstrated by the retention characteristics, UV spectra and peak purity index. Linearity, precision, recovery and sensitivity were satisfactory. The procedure was applied to the analysis of tetracycline residues (tetracycline, oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC), doxycycline (DC), minocycline (MINO) and methacycline (MTC)) in honey of different types. Extraction involved using a mild acidic solvent containing EDTA to release protein-bound or sugar-bound tetracyclines. For the clean-up step, solid phase extraction using phenyl cartridges was applied. Detection limits in the honey using the proposed procedure are between 15 and 30 ng g(-1), depending on the tetracycline.