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91.
Elisseeva OV Besseling NA Koopal LK Cohen Stuart MA 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2005,21(11):4954-4963
The solution behavior of the polymeric surfactant Pluronic F127 (PEO(99)PPO(65)PEO(99)) and its adsorption behavior on aqueous-silica and aqueous-air interfaces, as well as the disjoining pressure isotherms of asymmetric films (silica/aqueous film/air) containing F127, are studied. The interfacial properties of adsorbed F127 layers (the adsorbed amount Gamma and the thickness h) as well as the aqueous wetting film properties [film thickness (h) and refractive indexes] were studied via ellipsometry. The solution properties of F127 were investigated using surface tensiometry and light scattering. The interactions between the air-water and silica-water interfaces were measured with a thin film pressure balance technique (TFB) and interpreted in terms of disjoining pressure as a function of the film thickness. The relations between the behaviors of the asymmetric films, adsorption at aqueous air, and aqueous silica interfaces and the solution behavior of the polymeric surfactant are discussed. Special attention is paid to the influence of the concentrations of F127 and NaCl. Addition of electrolyte lowers the critical micelle concentration, diminishes adsorption on silica, and increases the thickness of the asymmetric film. 相似文献
92.
Jochanan Blum Yaron Cohen Shulamit Levin Andrea Katschak Hansruedi Glatt 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1998,35(1):39-43
Racemic K-region imines of benz[a]anthracene, 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene ( 1–4 , respectively) have been resolved by high performance liquid chromatography on a column packed with amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) on silica gel. The absolute configuration of the resolved aziridines was assigned by comparison of their circular dichromism spectra to those of the corresponding enantiomerically pure arene oxides. The mutagenicity of the enantiomers of the arene imines was investigated using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. Although all arene imines investigated were potent mutagens, quantitative and qualitative differences in the mutagenic activity were observed between enantiomers. 相似文献
93.
Arthur Cohen 《Journal of multivariate analysis》1977,7(3):454-460
Let Ui = (Xi, Yi), i = 1, 2,…, n, be a random sample from a bivariate normal distribution with mean μ = (μx, μy) and covariance matrix . Let Xi, i = n + 1,…, N represent additional independent observations on the X population. Consider the hypothesis testing problem H0 : μ = 0 vs. H1 : μ ≠ 0. We prove that Hotelling's T2 test, which uses (Xi, Yi), i = 1, 2,…, n (and discards Xi, i = n + 1,…, N) is an admissible test. In addition, and from a practical point of view, the proof will enable us to identify the region of the parameter space where the T2-test cannot be beaten. A similar result is also proved for the problem of testing μx ? μy = 0. A Bayes test and other competitors which are similar tests are discussed. 相似文献
94.
In this paper we extend our density-functional theory calculations, with generalized gradient approximation and hybrid functionals, using Slater-type orbitals (STOs), to the determination of second-order molecular properties. The key to the entire methodology involves the fitting of all STO basis function products to an auxiliary STO basis, through the minimization of electron-repulsion integrals. The selected properties are (i) dipole polarizabilities, (ii) nuclear magnetic shielding constants, and (iii) nuclear spin-spin coupling constants. In all cases the one-electron integrals involving STOs were evaluated by quadrature. The implementation for (ii) involved some complexity because we used gauge-including atomic orbitals. The presence of two-electron integrals on the right-hand side of the coupled equations meant that the fitting procedure had to be implemented. For (iii) in the hybrid case, fitting procedures were again required for the exchange contributions. For each property we studied a number of small molecules. We first obtained an estimate of the basis set limit using Gaussian-type orbitals (GTOs). We then showed how it is possible to reproduce these values using a STO basis set. For (ii) a regular TZ2P quality STO basis was adequate; for (i) the addition of one set of diffuse functions (determined by Slater's rules) gave the required accuracy; for (iii) it was necessary to add a set of 1s functions, including one very tight function, to give the desired result. In summary, we show that it is possible to predict second-order molecular properties using STO basis sets with an accuracy comparable with large GTO basis sets. We did not encounter any major difficulties with either the selection of the bases or the implementation of the procedures. Although the energy code (especially in the hybrid case) may not be competitive with a regular GTO code, for properties we find that STOs are more attractive. 相似文献
95.
Mendel D. Cohen 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》1975,87(12):439-447
In den Jahren seiner Tätigkeit am Weizmann Institut of Science begann G. M. J. Schmidt seine Arbeiten über die Beziehungen zwischen der Struktur organischer Kristalle und der in ihnen stattfindenden chemischen Reaktionen, ein Forschungsvorhaben, das sich in der Folge als außergewöhnlich fruchtbar erwiesen hat. So wuchs seine ?Festkörper-Gruppe”? und wurde divergenter - Röntgenstrukturanalytiker, Organiker, Spektroskopiker und schließlich sogar Theoretiker wirkten mit. Professor Schmidt starb 1971. Als eines der Mitglieder dieser Gruppe folge ich nun der Einladung, über neuere Entwicklungen auf meinem Interessengebiet zu berichten. Ein Großteil der bisher untersuchten Reaktionen organischer Kristalle wird durch Licht oder andere Strahlung induziert. Dies ist eine natürliche Folge davon, daß Strahlung, ungleich den meisten chemischen Reaktanden, leicht die Oberfläche des Kristalls durchdringen und so die zu aktivierenden Orte erreichen kann. In diesem Beitrag sollen einige der in der Photochemie organischer Kristalle wirksamen Prinzipien aufgezeigt und anhand von Beispielen verdeutlicht werden, wobei nicht beabsichtigt ist, alle bisher untersuchten unterschiedlichen Reaktionstypen und Systeme zu erfassen. Es ist geboten, hier in Anerkennung auch eines anderen großen Wissenschaftlers zu gedenken, der vor kurzer Zeit verschied - Theodor Förster. Manche der Ideen, auf die ich im folgenden eingehe, wurzeln, wie so vieles in der jüngsten Entwicklung der Photochemie, in Professor Försters früheren Arbeiten. 相似文献
96.
97.
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99.
Biesheuvel PM Cohen Stuart MA 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2004,20(7):2785-2791
When oppositely charged polyelectrolytes are mixed in water, attraction between oppositely charged groups may lead to the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (associative phase separation, complex coacervation, interpolymer complexes). Theory is presented to describe the electrostatic free energy change when ionizable (annealed) (macro-)molecules form a macroscopic polyelectrolyte complex. The electrostatic free energy includes an electric term as well as a chemical term that is related to the dissociation of the ionic groups in the polymer. An example calculation for complexation of polyacid with polybase uses a cylindrical diffuse double layer model for free polymer in solution and electroneutrality within the complex and calculates the free energy of the system when the polymer is in solution or in a polyelectrolyte complex. Combined with a term for the nonelectrostatic free energy change upon complexation, a theoretical stability diagram is constructed that relates pH, salt concentration, and mixing ratio, which is in qualitative agreement with an experimental diagram obtained by Bungenberg de Jong (1949) for complex coacervation of arabic gum and gelatin. The theory furthermore explains the increased tendency toward phase separation when the polymer becomes more strongly charged and suggests that complexation of polyacid or polybase with zwitterionic polymer (e.g., protein) of the same charge sign (at the "wrong side" of the iso-electric point) may be due (in part) to an induced charge reversal of the protein. 相似文献
100.
We report the crystal and molecular structures of the complex of 18-C-6 with H3O+BF4− (I) and the complex of 18-C-6 with BF3OH2·H2O (II). The different modes of appearance of the “BF3” species as BF3, BF3OH2, BF3OH2·H2O and BF4−, as well as their structurally significant intermolecular and intramolecular interactions, are discussed. In complex I the oxonium ion is bound at the centre of the 18-C-6 macrocycle. The oxonium oxygen is located practically equidistant (2.68–2.73 Å) from the six macrocyclic ethereal oxygens. The BF4− counter-ion is positioned 7.3 Å away from the oxonium ion in the same general plane of the crown ether. This anion is not involved in any direct intermolecular contacts, a fact that may explain why it is spherically disordered. In complex II there is no guest molecule (or ion) present in the “cavity” of the macrocycle, but there are two hydrogen-bonded systems of BF3OH2·H2O that are interacting with the crown ether on either side of the general macrocyclic plane. Complex II features three types of hydrogen bonds—the O(water)-HO(crown) bonds (2.83 and 2.85 Å), the O(water)H-O(BF3) bond (2.49 Å) and the O(BF3)-HO(crown) bond (2.65 Å). The strong intermolecular O(crown)O(water)O(BF3) and O(crown)O(BF3) interactions stabilize the normally unstable BF3OH2·H2O species. 相似文献