Tautomerism in liquid 1,2,3-triazole: a combined energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction, molecular dynamics, and FTIR study

In this work, we report a multitechnique (energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction, computational methods, and FTIR spectroscopy) study of the tautomeric equilibrium of 1,2,3-triazole, one of the few small nitrogen-containing eterocycles liquid at room temperature. The T-2H form (C _2v symmetry) is found to be strongly favored in gas and solid phases, whereas the neat liquid gives diffraction patterns that can be interpreted satisfactorily with the structure functions calculated from some molecular dynamics results for both T-2H and T-1H tautomers, although the T-2H form gives a slightly better agreement.     

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the unsaponifiable fraction of vegetable oils by using comprehensive 2D GC with dual MS/FID detection

The present investigation is focused on the development of a comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC?×?GC) method, with dual MS/FID detection, for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the entire unsaponifiable fraction of vegetable oils. The unsaponifiable fraction forms a minor, highly specific part of a vegetable oil, and can be used as an indicator of genuineness. The column set used consisted of a low-polarity first dimension, and a medium-polarity secondary one, both characterized by a high thermal stability. The use of dual detection enabled the attainment of both mass spectral information and relative % FID data. The complexity of the fingerprint, generated by the unsaponifiable fraction, fully justified the employment of the two-dimensional GC technology. Furthermore, two other GC?×?GC benefits contributed greatly to the attainment of promising results, namely sensitivity enhancement and the formation of group-type patterns. The method herein proposed could potentially open a new opportunity for the more in-depth knowledge of the unsaponifiable fraction of vegetable oils.     

Analysis of egg-based model wall paintings by use of an innovative combined dot-ELISA and UPLC-based approach

The chemical analysis of egg-based wall paintings—the mezzo fresco technique—is an interesting topic in the characterisation of organic binders. A revised procedure for a dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) able to detect protein components of egg-based wall paintings is reported. In the new dot-ELISA procedure we succeeded in maximizing the staining colour by adjusting the temperature during the staining reaction. Quantification of the colour intensity by visible reflectance spectroscopy resulted in a straight line plot of protein concentration against reflectance in the wavelength range 380–780 nm. The modified dot-ELISA procedure is proposed as a semi-quantitative analytical method for characterisation of protein binders in egg-based paintings. To evaluate its performance, the method was first applied to standard samples (ovalbumin, whole egg, egg white), then to model specimens, and finally to real samples (Giotto’s wall paintings). Moreover, amino acid analysis performed by innovative ultra-performance liquid chromatography was applied both to standards and to model samples and the results were compared with those from the dot-ELISA tests. In particular, after protein hydrolysis (24 h, 114 °C, 6 mol L^?1 HCl) of the samples, amino acid derivatization by use of 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate enabled reproducible analysis of amino acids. This UPLC amino acid analysis was rapid and reproducible and was applied for the first time to egg-based paintings. Because the painting technique involved the use of egg-based tempera on fresh lime-based mortar, the study enabled investigation of the effect of the alkaline environment on egg-protein detection by both methods.

The relationship between nanosilica dispersion degree and the tensile properties of polyurethane nanocomposites

The tensile properties and structure of silica-based polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites were parametrically studied as a function of silica type and weight concentration, polyol OH number, and mixing methods. The variation of the silica functionalization groups (from silanols to silazanes) had a relevant effect on dispersion. An elevated interparticle distance of the silica agglomerates improved substantially the tensile strength (from 44.3 to 82.8 MPa) and strain to failure (from 3.0 to 7.95) while maintaining elastic modulus (from 2.08 to 2.31 GPa) with respect to the neat PU matrix. Polyol’s with different OH numbers have shown to dramatically modify the silica dispersion degree by the modification of the stability of the colloidal dispersion. An increase of its value deteriorated dispersion and the tensile properties of the nanocomposites. The effect of three dispersion methods (ultrasonic dispersion, high shear mixing, and tip sonication) has shown to have a relative effect on the reduction of agglomerate size and the interparticle distance. High power sonication methods were more effective in reducing agglomerate size in contrast to shear methods. Classical theories of colloidal dispersion (Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek) have been able to explain the correlation between the silica aggregation state and the final tensile properties of the nanocomposite.     

Easy Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Human Milk Trisaccharides from a Common Selectively Protected Lactose Building Block

ABSTRACT

Three glycosyllactosides, contained in the neutral fraction of human milk oligosaccharides, were synthesised in a simple and straightforward manner through a sequence based on a chemo-enzymatic approach. Lipase catalysed regioselective 6'-O-acylation of benzyl β-lactoside, followed by the introduction of an isopropylidene group and acetylation afforded, depending on the reaction conditions, compounds 4a and 4b, which allow selective access to positions 3, 3' and 6'. Glycosylation with proper donors gave trisaccharides 6, 9 and 12.     

Intramolecular Participation of Amino Groups in the Cleavage and Isomerization of Ribonucleoside 3′‐Phosphodiesters: The Role in Stabilization of the Phosphorane Intermediate

A dinucleoside‐3′,5′‐phosphodiester model, 5′‐amino‐4′‐aminomethyl‐5′‐deoxyuridylyl‐3′,5′‐thymidine, incorporating two aminomethyl functions in the 4′‐position of the 3′‐linked nucleoside has been prepared and its hydrolytic reactions studied over a wide pH range. The amino functions were found to accelerate the cleavage and isomerization of the phosphodiester linkage in both protonated and neutral form. When present in protonated form, the cleavage of the 3′,5′‐phosphodiester linkage and its isomerization to a 2′,5′‐linkage are pH‐independent and 50–80 times as fast as the corresponding reactions of uridylyl‐3′,5′‐uridine (3′,5′‐UpU). The cleavage of the resulting 2′,5′‐isomer is also accelerated, albeit less than with the 3′,5′‐isomer, whereas isomerization back to the 3′,5′‐diester is not enhanced. When the amino groups are deprotonated, the cleavage reactions of both isomers are again pH‐independent and up to 1000‐fold faster than the pH‐independent cleavage of UpU. Interestingly, the 2′‐ to 3′‐isomerization is now much faster than its reverse reaction. The mechanisms of these reactions are discussed. The rate accelerations are largely accounted for by electrostatic and hydrogen‐bonding interactions of the protonated amino groups with the phosphorane intermediate.     

An Automatic Molecular Dispenser of Chloride

The combined activity of the 1.1.1‐cryptand and of a dicopper(II) bistren cryptate complex including chloride makes the Cl^? ion be continuously and slowly delivered to the solution, without any external intervention. The 1.1.1‐cryptand slowly releases OH^? ions, according to a defined kinetics, and each OH^? ion displaces a Cl^? ion from the cryptate. Chloride displacement induces a sharp colour change from bright yellow to aquamarine and can be conveniently monitored spectrophotometrically, even in diluted solutions. The 1.1.1‐cryptand is the motor of a molecular dispenser (the dicopper(II) cryptate) delivering chloride ion automatically, from the inside of the solution.     

Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of (1,4-Disubstituted-1,2,3-Triazol)-(E)-2-Methyl-but-2-Enyl Nucleoside Phosphonate Prodrugs

A series of hitherto unknown (1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazol)-(E)-2-methyl-but-2-enyl nucleosides phosphonate prodrugs bearing 4-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles were prepared in a straight approach through an olefin acyclic cross metathesis as the key synthetic step. All novel compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against HBV, HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Among these molecules, only compound 15j, a hexadecyloxypropyl (HDP)/(isopropyloxycarbonyl-oxymethyl)-ester (POC) prodrug, showed activity against HBV in Huh7 cell cultures with 62% inhibition at 10 μM, without significant cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 66.4 μM in HepG2 cells, IC₅₀ = 43.1 μM in HepG2 cells) at 10 μM.