全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4170篇 |
免费 | 49篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2785篇 |
晶体学 | 13篇 |
力学 | 82篇 |
数学 | 553篇 |
物理学 | 790篇 |
出版年
2019年 | 23篇 |
2018年 | 31篇 |
2017年 | 32篇 |
2016年 | 44篇 |
2015年 | 46篇 |
2014年 | 49篇 |
2013年 | 134篇 |
2012年 | 115篇 |
2011年 | 164篇 |
2010年 | 108篇 |
2009年 | 98篇 |
2008年 | 156篇 |
2007年 | 167篇 |
2006年 | 144篇 |
2005年 | 157篇 |
2004年 | 161篇 |
2003年 | 122篇 |
2002年 | 122篇 |
2001年 | 78篇 |
2000年 | 107篇 |
1999年 | 82篇 |
1998年 | 58篇 |
1997年 | 63篇 |
1996年 | 61篇 |
1995年 | 62篇 |
1994年 | 61篇 |
1993年 | 94篇 |
1992年 | 71篇 |
1991年 | 56篇 |
1990年 | 36篇 |
1989年 | 42篇 |
1988年 | 53篇 |
1987年 | 49篇 |
1986年 | 64篇 |
1985年 | 75篇 |
1984年 | 53篇 |
1983年 | 43篇 |
1982年 | 47篇 |
1981年 | 61篇 |
1980年 | 56篇 |
1979年 | 69篇 |
1978年 | 50篇 |
1977年 | 54篇 |
1976年 | 51篇 |
1975年 | 39篇 |
1974年 | 48篇 |
1973年 | 39篇 |
1972年 | 32篇 |
1971年 | 26篇 |
1970年 | 27篇 |
排序方式: 共有4223条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
181.
The vertical excitation energy for the lowest valence pi-->pi(*) transition of cyclopentadiene is investigated. Using a combination of high-level theoretical methods and spectroscopic simulations, the vertical separation at the ground state geometry is estimated to be 5.43+/-0.05 eV. This value is intermediate between those calculated with coupled-cluster and multireference perturbation theory methods and is about 0.13 eV higher than the observed maximum in the absorption profile. 相似文献
182.
We describe the construction and operation of a variable temperature (VT) system for a high field fast magic angle spinning (MAS) probe. The probe is used in NMR investigations of biological macromolecules, where stable setting and continuous measurement of the temperature over periods of several days are required in order to prevent sample overheating and degradation. The VT system described is used at and below room temperature. A vortex tube is used to provide cooling in the temperature range of -20 to 20 degrees C, while a liquid nitrogen-cooled heat exchanger is used below -20 degrees C. Using this arrangement, the lowest temperature that is practically achievable is -140 degrees C. Measurement of the air temperature near the spinning rotor is accomplished using a fiber optic thermometer that utilizes the temperature dependence of the absorption edge of GaAs. The absorption edge of GaAs also has a magnetic field dependence that we have measured and corrected for. This dependence was calibrated at several field strengths using the well-known temperature dependence of the (1)H chemical shift difference of the protons in methanol. 相似文献
183.
In a previous work [Heinz, Castelijns, and Suter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 9500 (2003)], we developed an accurate force field and simulated the phase transitions in C18-mica (octadecyltrimethylammonium-mica) as well as the absence of such transitions in 2C18-mica (dioctadecyldimethylammonium-mica) between room temperature and 100 degrees C. Here we analyze (i) average z coordinates of the carbon atoms and interdigitation of the hydrocarbon bilayers, (ii) density profiles, and (iii) pressure profiles of the structures along all Cartesian axes. In C18-mica, the standard deviation in the z coordinate for the chain atoms is high and more than doubles in the disordered phase. The order-disorder transition is accompanied by a change in the orientation of the ammonium head group, as well as decreasing tensile and shear stress in the disordered phase. In 2C18-mica, the standard deviation in the z coordinate for the chain atoms is low and does not increase remarkably on heating. The backbones display a highly regular structure, which is slightly obscured by rotations in the C18 backbones and minor head group displacements at 100 degrees C. Close contacts between the bulky head groups with sidearms cause significant local pressure which is in part not relieved at 100 degrees C. An increase of the basal-plane spacing at higher temperature is found in both systems due to larger separation between the two hydrocarbon layers and an increased z spacing between adjacent chain atoms (=decreased tilt of the chains relative to the surface normal), and, in C18-mica only, a stronger upward orientation of the C18 chain at the ammonium head group. The likelihood for chain interdigitation between the two hydrocarbon layers is 24%-30% for C18-mica, and 65%-26% for 2C18-mica (for 20-100 degrees C). 相似文献
184.
Dreer S Wilhartitz P Piplits K Mayerhofer K Foisner J Hutter H 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2004,379(4):599-604
Gate oxynitride structures of TFT-LCDs were investigated by SIMS, and successful solutions are demonstrated to overcome difficulties arising due to the charging effects of the multilayer systems, the matrix effect of the method, and the small pattern sizes of the samples. Because of the excellent reproducibility achieved by applying exponential relative sensitivity functions for quantitative analysis, minor differences in the barrier gate-oxynitride composition deposited on molybdenum capped aluminium-neodymium metallisation electrodes were determined between the centre and the edge of the TFT-LCD substrates. No differences were found for molybdenum-tungsten metallisations. Furthermore, at the edge of the glass substrates, aluminium, neodymium, and molybdenum SIMS depth profiles show an exponential trend. With TEM micrographs an inhomogeneous thickness of the molybdenum capping is revealed as the source of this effect, which influences the electrical behaviour of the device.The production process was improved after these results and the aging behaviour of TFT-LCDs was investigated in order to explain the change in control voltage occurring during the lifetime of the displays. SIMS and TEM show an enrichment of neodymium at the interface to the molybdenum layer, confirming good diffusion protection of the molybdenum barrier during accelerated aging. The reason for the shift of the control voltage was finally located by semi-quantitative depth profiling of the sodium diffusion originating from the glass substrate. Molybdenum-tungsten was a much better buffer for the highly-mobile charge carriers than aluminium-neodymium. Best results were achieved with PVD silicon oxynitride as diffusion barrier and gate insulator deposited on aluminium-neodymium metallisation layers. 相似文献
185.
We consider adiabatic transport of eigenstates of real Hamiltonians around loops in parameter space. It is demonstrated that loops that map to nontrivial loops in the space of eigenbases must encircle degeneracies. Examples from Jahn-Teller theory are presented to illustrate the test. We show furthermore that the proposed test is optimal. 相似文献
186.
Applications of high-order harmonics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A.?L’HuillierEmail author D.?Descamps A.?Johansson J.?Norin J.?Mauritsson C.-G.?Wahlstr?m 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2003,26(1):91-98
We review applications of high-order harmonic generation in different fields of physics, from spectroscopic studies of atoms and molecules, to interferometry and plasma diagnostics and nonlinear optics.Received: 11 December 2002, Published online: 24 April 2003PACS:
32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions - 42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generationD. Descamps: Present address: CEA/DRECAM/SPAM, CEN Saclay, 91105 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. 相似文献
187.
Computing the fine-canonical-structure elements of matrices and matrix pencils are ill-posed problems. Therefore, besides knowing the canonical structure of a matrix or a matrix pencil, it is equally important to know what are the nearby canonical structures that explain the behavior under small perturbations. Qualitative strata information is provided by our StratiGraph tool. Here, we present lower and upper bounds for the distance between Jordan and Kronecker structures in a closure hierarchy of an orbit or bundle stratification. This quantitative information is of importance in applications, e.g., distance to more degenerate systems (uncontrollability). Our upper bounds are based on staircase regularizing perturbations. The lower bounds are of EckartYoung type and are derived from a matrix representation of the tangent space of the orbit of a matrix or a matrix pencil. Computational results illustrate the use of the bounds. Bibliography: 42 titles. 相似文献
188.
Kurt Leichtweiß 《Journal of Geometry》2003,78(1-2):92-121
Analogue to the definition $K + L := \bigcup_{x\in K}(x + L)$ of the
Minkowski addition in the euclidean geometry it is proposed to define the
(noncommutative) addition $K \vdash L := \bigcup_{0\, \leqsl\, \rho\,\leqsl\,
a(\varphi),0\,\leqsl\,\varphi\,<\, 2\pi}T_{\rho}^{(\varphi)}(L)$ for compact,
convex and smoothly bounded sets K and
L in the hyperbolic plane $\Omega$
(Kleins model). Here $\rho = a(\varphi)$ is the representation of the boundary
$\partial$ K in geodesic polar coordinates
and $T_{\rho}^{(\varphi)}$ is the hyperbolic translation of $\Omega$ of length
$\rho$ along the line through the origin o of
direction $\varphi$. In general this addition does not preserve
convexity but nevertheless we may prove as main results: (1) $o \in$ int
$K, o \in$ int L and K,L horocyclic convex imply the strict
convexity of $K \vdash L$, and (2) in this case there exists a hyperbolic mixed
volume $V_h(K,L)$ of K and L which has a representation by a suitable
integral over the unit circle. 相似文献
189.
190.
In one-dimensional anharmonic lattices, we construct nonlinear standing waves (SWs) reducing to harmonic SWs at small amplitude. For SWs with spatial periodicity incommensurate with the lattice period, a transition by breaking of analyticity versus wave amplitude is observed. As a consequence of the discreteness, oscillatory linear instabilities, persisting for arbitrarily small amplitude in infinite lattices, appear for all wave numbers Q not equal 0,pi. Incommensurate analytic SWs with |Q|>pi/2 may however appear as "quasistable," as their instability growth rate is of higher order. 相似文献