Tetrapyrrole derivatives substituted with ferrocenylethynyl moieties. synthesis and electrochemical studies

Up to eight redox-active ferrocenyl units have been incorporated, through the unsaturated ethynyl linkers, on the periphery of a series of cyclic tetrapyrrole derivatives including zinc(II) phthalocyanine and 2,3-naphthalocyanine, and nickel(II) meso-diphenylporphyrin. The synthesis of the former two macrocycles 4 and 7 involves the Sonogashira coupling reaction of ferrocenylethyne with 4,5-dichlorophthalonitrile (1) or 6,7-dibromonaphthalonitrile (5), respectively, followed by a base-promoted cyclization. The meso-bis(ferrocenylethynyl)porphyrin 11 has been prepared from the dibromo analogue 10 also by a palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction. These novel macrocyclic compounds have been spectroscopically and electrochemically characterized. As revealed by cyclic voltammetry, the ferrocenyl moieties appear to be electrochemically independent in these complexes and there is no significant electronic coupling among the iron(II) centers.     

Fabrication of Defined Polydopamine Nanostructures by DNA Origami‐Templated Polymerization

A versatile, bottom‐up approach allows the controlled fabrication of polydopamine (PD) nanostructures on DNA origami. PD is a biosynthetic polymer that has been investigated as an adhesive and promising surface coating material. However, the control of dopamine polymerization is challenged by the multistage‐mediated reaction mechanism and diverse chemical structures in PD. DNA origami decorated with multiple horseradish peroxidase‐mimicking DNAzyme motifs was used to control the shape and size of PD formation with nanometer resolution. These fabricated PD nanostructures can serve as “supramolecular glue” for controlling DNA origami conformations. Facile liberation of the PD nanostructures from the DNA origami templates has been achieved in acidic medium. This presented DNA origami‐controlled polymerization of a highly crosslinked polymer provides a unique access towards anisotropic PD architectures with distinct shapes that were retained even in the absence of the DNA origami template.     

Highly Emissive Fused Heterocyclic Alkynylgold(III) Complexes for Multiple Color Emission Spanning from Green to Red for Solution‐Processable Organic Light‐Emitting Devices

A new class of fused heterocyclic tridentate ligand‐containing alkynylgold(III) complexes with tunable emission color has been successfully designed and synthesized. Structural modification of the σ‐donating fused heterocyclic alkynyl ligands, including substituted fluorene, carbazole, and triphenylamine, enables a large spectral shift of about 110 nm (ca. 3310 cm^?1) that covers the green to red region to be realized with the same tridentate ligand‐containing alkynylgold(III) complexes in solid‐state thin films. Interestingly, the energy of the excimeric emission can be controlled by the rational design of the fused heterocyclic alkynyl ligands. Superior solution‐processable organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) with high external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 12.2, 13.5, 9.3, and 5.2 % were obtained with green, yellow, orange, and red emission. These high EQE values are comparable to those of the vacuum‐deposited OLEDs based on structurally related alkynylgold(III) complexes.     

Novel tricyclic diamines 2. Synthesis of 1,7-diazaisoadamantane, 1,5-diazaisoadamantane and 1,6-diazahomobrendane

Three novel tricyclic diamines (1,7-diazaisoadamantane, 1,5-diazaisoadamantane and 1,6-diazahomobrendane) were prepared. A flexible synthetic strategy was employed which used flat, aromatic azaindoles as the starting materials. The requisite azaindoles were prepared by a tandem Sonogashira coupling/intramolecular cyclization reaction. Ring saturation, appropriate functionalization and intramolecular alkylation provided the three novel tricyclic diamines cores.     

Syntheses, characterization, and photochromic studies of spirooxazine-containing 2,2'-bipyridine ligands and their zinc(II) thiolate complexes

A series of photochromic spirooxazine-containing zinc(II) diimine bis-thiolate complexes were successfully synthesized, and their photophysical and photochromic properties were studied. The X-ray crystal structure of complex 1a has also been determined. Upon excitation by UV light at 330 nm, all the ligands and complexes exhibit photochromic behavior. The thermal bleaching kinetics of the ligands and the complexes were studied in dimethylformamide at various temperatures. The photochemical quantum yields for the photochromic reactions of the ligands and complexes were also determined.     

Global energy minimization of alanine dipeptide via barrier function methods

This paper presents an interior point method to determine the minimum energy conformation of alanine dipeptide. The CHARMM energy function is minimized over the internal coordinates of the atoms involved. A barrier function algorithm to determine the minimum energy conformation of peptides is proposed. Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential which is used to model the van der Waals interactions in the CHARMM energy equation is used as the barrier function for this algorithm. The results of applying the algorithm for the alanine dipeptide structure as a function of varying number of dihedral angles are reported, and they are compared with that obtained from genetic algorithm approach. In addition, the results for polyalanine structures are also reported.     

Quantitative Determination and Environmental Risk Assessment of 102 Chemicals of Emerging Concern in Wastewater-Impacted Rivers Using Rapid Direct-Injection Liquid Chromatography—Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The rapid source identification and environmental risk assessment (ERA) of hundreds of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) in river water represent a significant analytical challenge. Herein, a potential solution involving a rapid direct-injection liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of 102 CECs (151 qualitatively) in river water is presented and applied across six rivers in Germany and Switzerland at high spatial resolution. The method required an injection volume of only 10 µL of filtered sample, with a runtime of 5.5 min including re-equilibration with >10 datapoints per peak per transition (mostly 2 per compound), and 36 stable isotope-labelled standards. Performance was excellent from the low ng/L to µg/L concentration level, with 260 injections possible in any 24 h period. The method was applied in three separate campaigns focusing on the ERA of rivers impacted by wastewater effluent discharges (1 urban area in the Basel city region with 4 rivers, as well as 1 semi-rural and 1 rural area, each focusing on 1 river). Between 25 and 40 compounds were quantified directly in each campaign, and in all cases small tributary rivers showed higher CEC concentrations (e.g., up to ~4000 ng/L in total in the R. Schwarzach, Bavaria, Germany). The source of selected CECs could also be identified and differentiated from other sources at pre- and post- wastewater treatment plant effluent discharge points, as well as the effect of dilution downstream, which occurred over very short distances in all cases. Lastly, ERA for 41 CECs was performed at specific impacted sites, with risk quotients (RQs) at 1 or more sites estimated as high risk (RQ > 10) for 1 pharmaceutical (diclofenac), medium risk (RQ of 1–10) for 3 CECs (carbamazepine, venlafaxine, and sulfamethoxazole), and low risk (RQ = 0.1–1.0) for 7 CECs (i.e., RQ > 0.1 for 11 CECs in total). The application of high-throughput methods like this could enable a better understanding of the risks of CECs, especially in low flow/volume tributary rivers at scale and with high resolution.