Thermal and utility properties of amide clay modifying agents

This article presents the results of investigation into receiving amide modification agents of smectic clays, used as nanofillers in polymer nanocomposites. Prepared materials were obtained on the base of terephthalic and isophthalic acids and simple aliphatic amines. Such structure makes them good layered silicates modifying agents as well as makes them well affiliate to structure of polymers containing aromatic, carbonyl, amide, etc. groups. Obtained compounds were introduced into clays’ structure in protonated form, according to formulated method. Conducted research confirmed that the modification of montmorillonite clay (MMT) with received compounds had taken place. In order to establish that fact elementary analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods were used. Modificator molecules must display thermal resistance in full range of polymer processing temperatures. To investigate these properties the Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) of obtained compounds was carried out. These studies indicate that among the obtained compounds there were the ones with thermal stability over 523 K. Thermal resistance makes it possible for these substances to be used in poly(ethylene terephthalate) processing.     

Atomic Hydrogen Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Oxycarbide Thin Films Derived from Diethoxymethylsilane Precursor

Amorphous silicon oxycarbide (a-SiOC:H) films produced by remote plasma RPCVD from diethoxymethylsilane (DEMS) were characterized in terms of their basic properties related to the coatings deposited using conventional plasma enhanced PECVD method. The effect of substrate temperature (T_S) on the growth rate, chemical composition, structure, and properties of resulting a-SiOC:H films is reported. Film growth is an adsorption-controlled process, wherein two mechanisms can be distinguished with a transition at about T_S=70°C. Depending on the temperature, films of different nature can be obtained, from polymer-like to highly crosslinked material with C-Si-O network. The chemical structure of a-SiOC:H films was characterized by FTIR, ¹³C and ²⁹Si solid-state NMR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopes. The a-SiOC:H films were also characterized in terms of their density, refractive index, surface morphology, conformality of coverage, hardness, adhesion to a substrate, and friction coefficient. The films were found to be morphologically homogeneous materials exhibiting good conformality of coverage and small surface roughness. Their refractive index exhibits anomalous effect revealing a minimum value at T_S=125°C. Due to their exceptional physical properties a-SiOC:H films produced by RPCVD from DEMS precursor seems to be useful as potential dielectric materials or coatings for various encapsulation applications.     

Dynamic response of the spherical pendulum subjected to horizontal Lissajous excitation

Nonlinear Dynamics - This paper examines the oscillations of a spherical pendulum with horizontal Lissajous excitation. The pendulum has two degrees of freedom: a rotational angle defined in the...     

Kinetics and Characterization of Degradation Products of Dihydralazine and Hydrochlorothiazide in Binary Mixture by HPLC-UV,LC-DAD and LC–MS Methods

Dihydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide were stored at high temperature and humidity, under UV/Vis light and different pH, as individual drugs and the mixture. Then, a sensitive and selective HPLC-UV method was developed for simultaneous determination of dihydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide in presence of their degradation products. Finally, the degradation products were characterized through LC-DAD and LC–MS methods. Dihydralazine was sensitive to high temperature and humidity, UV/Vis light and pH?≥?7. At the same time, it was resistant to acidic conditions. Hydrochlorothiazide was sensitive to high temperature and humidity, UV/Vis light and changes in pH. Its highest level of degradation was observed in 1 M HCl. Degradation of the drugs was higher when they were stressed in the mixture. In the case of dihydralazine, the percentage degradation was 5–15 times higher. What is more, dihydralazine became sensitive to acidic conditions. Hydrochlorothiazide was shown to be more sensitive to UV/Vis light and pH?>?4. Degradation of dihydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide followed first-order kinetics. The quickest degradation of dihydralazine was found to be in 1 M NaOH while of hydrochlorothiazide was in 1 M HCl (individual hydrochlorothiazide) or at pH 7–10 (hydrochlorothiazide in the mixture). A number of new degradation products were detected and some of them were identified by our LC-DAD and LC–MS methods. In the stressed individual samples, (phenylmethyl)hydrazine and 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide were observed for the first time. Interactions between dihydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide in the mixture were confirmed by additional degradation products, e.g., 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1,4-trioxide.     

A separation between the boundary shape and the boundary functions in the parametric integral equation system for the 3D Stokes equation

Numerical Algorithms - The paper introduces the analytical modification of the classic boundary integral equation (BIE) for Stokes equation in 3D. The performed modification allows us to obtain...     

New algorithms for maximum disjoint paths based on tree-likeness

Mathematical Programming - The aim of this paper is to show that every representative function of a maximally monotone operator is the Fitzpatrick transform of a bifunction corresponding to the...     

On Reciprocal Equivalence of Stäckel Systems

In this paper we investigate Stäckel transforms between different classes of parameter‐dependent Stäckel separable systems of the same dimension. We show that the set of all Stäckel systems of the same dimension splits to equivalence classes so that all members within the same class can be connected by a single Stäckel transform. We also give an explicit formula relating solutions of two Stäckel‐related systems. These results show in particular that any two geodesic Stäckel systems are Stäckel equivalent in the sense that it is possible to transform one into another by a single Stäckel transform. We also simplify proofs of some known statements about multiparameter Stäckel transform.     

Optimal design of bars under nonuniform tension with respect to mixed creep rupture time

The first attempt of finding of optimal shape for bars in presence of body forces with respect to mixed creep rupture is made. For given volume of the bar, distribution of initial cross-section, ensuring the longest life-time to mixed rupture is sought. The finite strain theory and physical law in form of Norton's law generalized for true stresses and logarithmic strains are applied. Using the method of parametric optimization, the best of linear and quadratic functions describing the initial shape of the bar are found. The shape of initial strength is corrected in a way leading to longer life-time. Results of both approaches are compared.