Dispersion-Induced Waveform Distortion Detection in 42.7 Gbps CS-RZ Signals by Optical Time Domain Level Monitoring

We propose a technique for chromatic dispersion monitoring based on optical time domain level monitoring.Experimental and simulation results show that the technique is effective for the monitoring of dispersion in 42.7-Gbps CS-RZ signals for dynamic dispersion compensation.     

1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of cyclooctyne with pyridinium dicynomethylides

Cyclooctyne smoothly underwent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with pyridinium dicyanomethylides to afford the corresponding indolizines (8-cyario-7-azatricyclo[7.6.0.0^2,7]pentadeca-1,3,5,8-tetraenes) in excellent yields.     

Carrier mobility for organic semiconductors: reduction of noise of the short part drift time in the time of flight mobility method.

Measurements of time of flight (TOF) mobility of organic semiconductors become difficult when the mobility values are high, since the electronic signals overlap with the noise of the short part in drift time. Such noise of the short part in the drift time in the TOF method for measurements of carrier mobility was reduced by three methods: (1) longer distance (3.5 m) between sample and the N(2) laser, (2) optical connection (photo coupler) between the N(2) laser and the pulse generator, and (3) using a digital filter to remove characteristic pulses caused by N(2) laser. Each method showed significant reduction of the noise. When all three methods were applied, 94% of the noise was reduced. The measurement of TOF mobility was demonstrated with TPD (N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-di(meta-tolyl)benzidine) film. Electronic signals in TOF measurements were clearly observed and the TOF mobility was determined to be 9.0 x 10(-4) cm(2)/V s.     

X-ray diffraction studies of intercalation compounds prepared from aniline salts and montmorillonite by a mechanochemical processing

Inorganic-organic intercalation compounds comprised of montmorillonite (MMT) and aniline salts with different counter anions were prepared by a mechanochemical processing. The intercalation process and the formed structure of intercalation compounds were investigated via X-ray diffraction analysis. The amounts of intercalated species were very likely dependent on the types of counter anions and increased with decreasing the size of counter anions during the mechanochemical processing. Very interestingly, much larger interlayer expansions of 1.51 nm was observed for aniline hydrofluoride AnF- and aniline hydrochloride AnCl-MMT systems in higher intercalates loading levels, suggesting that neutral guest molecules also introduce within the interlayer regions together with anilinium cations by van der Waals interactions. Judging from the larger interlayer expansions and the size of guest molecules, intercalated species are expected to prefer a tri-molecular layer arrangement with their aromatic rings perpendicular to the silicate sheets. In contrast, for aniline hydrobromide AnBr-MMT, the interlayer expansion was ca. 0.52 nm, which reveals that only anilinium cations are introduced by ion exchange and they probably adopt a vertical orientation in the interlayers. It is inferred that aniline hydroiodide AnI-MMT compounds have a heterogeneous structure containing both anilinium and sodium cations in the interlayers. Different intercalation behaviors during the mechanochemical processing strongly suggest the smaller the size of counter anions, the more guest molecules can be intercalated into the confined clay interlayers in highly ordered arrangements.     

Analysis of aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds in ambient air by LC/MS/MS.

A sensitive liquid chromatograph/tandem mass spectrometric technique (LC/MS/MS) was applied to determine aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds in ambient air. Traces of the carbonyl compounds were sampled by passing through a Sep-Pak DNPH-silica cartridge. Their derivatives were thus eluted with acetonitrile, separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and determined by quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry in an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The detection limits (DL) of the carbonyl compounds were 0.8 - 15 ng/m3. A number of the carbonyl compounds were detected at n.d.- 14 microg/m3 levels. The precursor ion scanning analysis was applied to identify the unknown compounds.     

On the number of components in 2-factors of claw-free graphs

In this paper, we prove that if a claw-free graph G with minimum degree δ?4 has no maximal clique of two vertices, then G has a 2-factor with at most (|G|-1)/4 components. This upper bound is best possible. Additionally, we give a family of claw-free graphs with minimum degree δ?4 in which every 2-factor contains more than n/δ components.     

Temporal Behavior of Phase Conjugate Wave in Self-Pumped Phase Conjugator with Internal Total Reflection

Several temporal behaviors of the phase-conjugate output of a self-pumped phase conjugator with internal total reflection in BaTiO₃ crystal have been investigated as a function of the beam entrance position and incident angle on the crystal. Different sets of these conditions cause different behavior of phase conjugate wave which are unstable or pulsed output as well as temporally stable output. Classification of these temporal behaviors in phase conjugate wave by incident condition are shown.     

Effects of lysophospholipids on membrane order of phosphatidylcholine

Lysophospholipids are known to play a role in a wide range of cellular processes involving membrane–protein or membrane–membrane interactions; however lysolipids–lamellar lipids interactions remain unclear. The effects of lysolipids on membrane order and dynamics were examined using optical birefringence and fluorescence techniques. We found that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) induces a considerable disorder in chain orientation for synthetic lipid of dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholines (DMPC), whereas a slight order for natural lipid of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (Egg-PC), e.g. the chain order decreases by 10% at 0.1 mole ratio for DMPC in comparison with the membranes without LPA and increases by 3.4% at 0.09 mole ratio for Egg-PC. Also, membrane fluidity corresponds with the change in the chain disorder, namely, the fluidity increases for DMPC membranes, while decreases for Egg-PC membranes by addition of LPA. The difference in the effects of LPA is interpreted by a difference in the chain packing between the synthetic and the natural lipid bilayers. LPA can be incorporated into natural lipid membranes without disturbance, and readjusts itself to a more favorable hydrophobic match with the bilayers. Lysophophatidylcholine (LPC) also induces a disorder in DMPC membranes, but the decrease in chain order is only half compared with that for LPA.