Extrathermodynamic interpretation of retention equilibria in reversed-phase liquid chromatography using octadecylsilyl-silica gels bonded to C1 and C18 ligands of different densities

The retention behavior on silica gels bonded to C18 and C1 alkyl ligands of different densities was studied in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) from the viewpoints of two extrathermodynamic relationships, enthalpy-entropy compensation (EEC) and linear free energy relationship (LFER). First, the four tests proposed by Krug et al. were applied to the values of the retention equilibrium constants (K) normalized by the alkyl ligand density. These tests showed that a real EEC of the retention equilibrium originates from substantial physico-chemical effects. Second, we derived a new model based on the EEC to explain the LFER between the retention equilibria under different RPLC conditions. The new model indicates how the slope and intercept of the LFER are correlated to the compensation temperatures derived from the EEC analyses and to several parameters characterizing the molecular contributions to the changes in enthalpy and entropy. Finally, we calculated K under various RPLC conditions from only one original experimental K datum by assuming that the contributions of the C18 and C1 ligands to K are additive and that their contributions are proportional to the density of each ligand. The estimated K values are in agreement with the corresponding experimental data, demonstrating that our model is useful to explain the variations of K due to changes in the RPLC conditions.     

Characterization of monolithic columns for HPLC

Monolithic stationary phases and columns have rapidly become highly popular separation media for liquid chromatography, in spite of their recent discovery. However, their most important features have not yet been completely clarified. A complete understanding of their performance and of their intrinsic characteristics will require the systematic acquisition of many series of reliable experimental data and their consistent analysis from different points of view. Progress in their design and production requires now that the chromatographic behavior of monolithic columns be studied in close connection with their physico-chemical and structural properties. The main goal of this review is to summarize fundamental information on some physico-chemical and chromatographic characteristics of monolithic stationary phases and columns for RPLC. The material reviewed deals only with silica-based monolithic columns. First, structural information on the porosities and the size of the pores in monolithic columns is reported. Second, results of chromatographic studies that deal with the characterization of monolithic columns are summarized. Third, results of detailed studies made on the adsorption equilibrium and the surface heterogeneity of monolithic stationary phases are presented. Finally, results on the mass transfer kinetics in monolithic columns derived from the applications of the classical random-walk model and of the moment theory to a new model of the monolith are discussed.     

Synthesis of aminocyclohexitol via carbon-carbon bond-forming radical cyclization of oxime ether

The stannyl radical mediated-cyclization of oxime ether, derived from D-glucose, gave the aminocyclohexitol derivative. Stereoselective C-C bond forming cyclization proceeded via favorable conformers minimizing A(1,3)-strain between the oxime ether group and alpha-substituents.     

Bifunctional-thiourea-catalyzed diastereo- and enantioselective aza-Henry reaction

Bifunctional thiourea 1a catalyzes aza-Henry reaction of nitroalkanes with N-Boc-imines to give syn-beta-nitroamines with good to high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Apart from the catalyst, the reaction requires no additional reagents such as a Lewis acid or a Lewis base. The N-protecting groups of the imines have a determining effect on the chirality of the products, that is, the reaction of N-Boc-imines gives R adducts as major products, whereas the same reaction of N-phosphonoylimines furnishes the corresponding S adducts. Various types of nitroalkanes bearing aryl, alcohol, ether, and ester groups can be used as nucleophiles, providing access to a wide range of useful chiral building blocks in good yield and high enantiomeric excess. Synthetic versatility of the addition products is demonstrated by the transformation to chiral piperidine derivatives such as CP-99,994.     

Solid-phase tandem radical addition-cyclization reaction: triethylborane-induced reaction of oxime ethers anchored to polymer support

Tandem radical addition-cyclization of oxime ethers anchored to polymer support was studied. The reaction of oxime ethers with stannyl radical proceeded effectively by the use of triethylborane as a radical initiator. The alkyl radical addition-cyclization reactions of oxime ether connected with alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group proceeded under iodine atom-transfer reaction conditions to give the functionalized azacycles via two carbon-carbon bonds-forming process.     

Kinetic study of the mass transfer of bovine serum albumin in anion-exchange chromatography

A kinetic study was made on the mass transfer phenomena of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in two different anion-exchange columns (Resource-Q and TSK-GEL-DEAE-5PW). The analysis of the concentration dependence of the lumped mass transfer rate coefficient (km,L) provided the information about the kinetics of the several mass transfer processes in the columns and the anion exchangers, i.e., the axial dispersion, the fluid-to-particle mass transfer, the intraparticle diffusion, and the adsorption/desorption. In the Resource-Q column, the intraparticle diffusion had a dominant contribution to the band broadening compared with those of the other processes. The surface diffusion coefficient (Ds) of BSA showed a positive concentration dependence, by which the linear dependence of km,L on the BSA concentration seemed to be interpreted. On the other hand, in the TSK-GEL-DEAE-5PW column, the contribution of the adsorption/desorption was also important and almost same as that due to the intraparticle diffusion. There are some differences between the intrinsic properties of the mass transfer kinetics inside the two anion exchangers. It was likely that the positive concentration dependence of Ds was explained by the heterogeneous surface model.     

Vacuum ultraviolet laser‐induced fluorescence kinetic study of the reactions of Cl atoms with fluoroalkenes (CxF2x+1CHCH2, x = 1,2,4, 6, and 8) at low pressures

Pulsed laser photolysis/vacuum ultraviolet laser‐induced fluorescence techniques were used to measure rate coefficients for Cl atom reactions with a series of fluoroalkenes (C_xF_2x+1CH?CH₂, x = 1,2,4,6,8) in 6–10 Torr of CF₄ diluent at 295 ± 2 K. Rate coefficients (units of 10^?11 cm³ molecule^?1s^?1) of 4.49 ± 0.64, 6.58 ± 0.59, 8.91 ± 0.58, 9.27 ± 0.64, and 9.00 ± 0.87 were determined for C_xF_2x+1CH?CH₂ with x = 1,2,4,6, and 8, respectively. In 6–10 Torr of CF₄ diluent, the kinetics of the title reactions are at, or near, the high‐pressure limit for x = 4, 6, and 8, approximately 30% below the high‐pressure limit for x = 2, and approximately 50% below the high‐pressure limit for x = 1. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 328–332, 2007     

Real-time analysis of secondary organic aerosol particles formed from cyclohexene ozonolysis using a laser-ionization single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer.

A real-time analysis of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles formed from cyclohexene ozonolysis in a smog chamber was performed using a laser-ionization single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (LISPA-MS). The instrument obtains both size and chemical compositions of individual aerosol particles with a high time-resolution (approximately 2 s at the maximum). Both positive and negative-ion mass spectra are obtained. Standard particles generated from dicarboxylic acid solutions using an atomizer were also analyzed. For both standard and SOA particles, the negative-ion mass spectra provided information about the molecular weights of the organic compounds in the particles, since the intense ions in the negative-ion mass spectra are mainly attributable to the molecular-related ions [M-H]-. It was demonstrated that the real-time single-particle analysis of SOA particles by the LISPA-MS technique can reveal the formation and transformation processes of SOA particle in smog chambers.     

Continuous-wave all-solid-state 244 nm deep-ultraviolet laser source by fourth-harmonic generation of an optically pumped semiconductor laser using CsLiB6O10 in an external resonator

We report an all-solid-state laser system that generates over 200 mW cw at 244 nm. An optically pumped semiconductor laser is internally frequency doubled to 488 nm. The 488 nm output is coupled to an external resonator, where it is converted to 244 nm using a CsLiB(6)O(10) (CLBO) crystal. The output power is limited by the available power at 488 nm, and no noticeable degradation in output power was observed over a period of several hours.