No-Cloning Theorem,Kochen-Specker Theorem,and Quantum Measurement Theories

The usual no-cloning theorem implies that two quantum states are identical or orthogonal if we allow a cloning to be on the two quantum states. Here, we investigate a relation between the no-cloning theorem and the projective measurement theory that the results of measurements are either + 1 or − 1. We introduce the Kochen-Specker (KS) theorem with the projective measurement theory. We result in the fact that the two quantum states under consideration cannot be orthogonal if we avoid the KS contradiction. Thus the no-cloning theorem implies that the two quantum states under consideration are identical in that case. It turns out that the KS theorem with the projective measurement theory says a new version of the no-cloning theorem. Next, we investigate a relation between the no-cloning theorem and the measurement theory based on the truth values that the results of measurements are either + 1 or 0. We return to the usual no-cloning theorem that the two quantum states are identical or orthogonal in the case.

     

Quadrupolar susceptibility and magnetic phase diagram of PrNi2Cd20 with non-Kramers doublet ground state

ABSTRACT

In this study, ultrasonic measurements were performed on a single crystal of cubic PrNi₂Cd₂₀, down to a temperature of 0.02?K, to investigate the crystalline electric field ground state and search for possible phase transitions at low temperatures. The elastic constant (C₁₁?C₁₂)/2, which is related to the Γ₃-symmetry quadrupolar response, exhibits the Curie-type softening at temperatures below ～30?K, which indicates that the present system has a Γ₃ non-Kramers doublet ground state. A leveling-off of the elastic response appears below ～0.1?K toward the lowest temperatures, which implies the presence of level splitting owing to a long-range order in a finite-volume fraction associated with Γ₃-symmetry multipoles. A magnetic field–temperature phase diagram of the present compound is constructed up to 28?T for H || [110]. A clear acoustic de Haas–van Alphen signal and a possible magnetic-field-induced phase transition at H ～26?T are also detected by high-magnetic-field measurements.     

Two possible ways to combine boron and gadolinium for Gd-guided BNCT. A concept

Abstract

Two ways of synthesis of theragnostic compounds for Gd-guided boron neutron capture therapy of cancer are proposed. The first way is based on modification of DO3A ligand, which a capable to form stable complexes with gadolinium, with attachment of boron-containing moieties and additional functional groups which can be used for conjugation with various biomacromolecules. The second way is based on the introduction of additional chelating groups into a boron-containing moiety—carborane-based ligand. It is expected that this will significantly improve the stability of the gadolinium bis(dicarbollide) complexes.     

Q(γ-H2AX), an analysis method for partial-body radiation exposure using γ-H2AX in nonhuman primate lymphocytes

We previously used the γ-H2AX assay as a biodosimeter for total-body-irradiation (TBI) exposure (γ-rays) in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) model. Utilizing peripheral blood lymphocytes and plucked hairs, we obtained statistically significant γ-H2AX responses days after total-body exposure to 1-8.5 Gy ((60)Co γ-rays at 55 cGy min(-1)). Here, we introduce a partial-body exposure analysis method, Q(γ-H2AX), which is based on the number of γ-H2AX foci per damaged cells as evident by having one or more γ-H2AX foci per cell. Results from the rhesus monkey - TBI study were used to establish Q(γ-H2AX) dose-response calibration curves to assess acute partial-body exposures. γ-H2AX foci were detected in plucked hairs for several days after in vivo irradiation demonstrating this assay's utility for dose assessment in various body regions. The quantitation of γ-H2AX may provide a robust biodosimeter for analyzing partial body exposures to ionizing radiation in humans.     

Uniform Regularity for the Isentropic Compressible Magnetohydrodynamic System

In this paper we first establish the uniform regularity of smooth solutions with respect to the viscosity coefficients to the isentropic compressible magnetohydrodynamic system in a periodic domain T~n. We then apply our result to obtain the isentropic compressible magnetohydrodynamic system with zero viscosity.     

Polarization of ionic liquid and polymer and its implications for polymerized ionic liquids: An overview towards a new theory and simulation

Ionic liquid (IL)-containing polymers garner attention for electrochemical applications. This article overviews recent experimental and theoretical studies of polymer electrolytes that would be likely to cultivate new theoretical and computational frameworks for IL-containing polymers. The first two sections outline the uniqueness of ILs that differentiates them from inorganic salts in polymers and explore deviation from the concept of the metaphor “room-temperature molten salt.” Such distinct properties include (1) large intrinsic dipole moment and electronic polarizability, (2) hydrogen bonding, (3) π-interactions, (4) a broad distribution of charges over the entire ion, and (5) the anisotropy of the ions. Moreover, the complexity of these properties substantially increases when the ions are polymerized. Indeed, their exceptional features would overcome the hurdle due to a trade-off between ionic conductivity and mechanical robustness in inorganic salt-doped polymers. Given these facts, the rest of the article focuses on emerging trends in the study of the dielectric response, phase separation, ion conductivity, and mechanical robustness of the polymer electrolytes, highlighting outstanding observations in experiments that may inspire existing theory and simulation. Our discussion also includes improving computational complexity for IL-containing polymers. To this end, recent machine learning studies that consider ILs and polymer liquids are presented.