全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1961篇 |
免费 | 87篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1521篇 |
晶体学 | 24篇 |
力学 | 29篇 |
数学 | 188篇 |
物理学 | 286篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 22篇 |
2022年 | 92篇 |
2021年 | 119篇 |
2020年 | 48篇 |
2019年 | 58篇 |
2018年 | 67篇 |
2017年 | 62篇 |
2016年 | 138篇 |
2015年 | 76篇 |
2014年 | 108篇 |
2013年 | 164篇 |
2012年 | 117篇 |
2011年 | 136篇 |
2010年 | 100篇 |
2009年 | 89篇 |
2008年 | 101篇 |
2007年 | 91篇 |
2006年 | 61篇 |
2005年 | 47篇 |
2004年 | 53篇 |
2003年 | 42篇 |
2002年 | 31篇 |
2001年 | 21篇 |
2000年 | 12篇 |
1999年 | 12篇 |
1998年 | 14篇 |
1997年 | 13篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 20篇 |
1994年 | 8篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有2048条查询结果,搜索用时 203 毫秒
81.
Izabela Michalak Agnieszka Saeid Katarzyna Chojnacka 《Central European Journal of Chemistry》2013,11(2):313-319
In this study, the effect of the increase in the initial concentration of Na(I) ions in the solution during biosorption of Cr(III) ions by two edible algae: marine macroalga — Enteromorpha prolifera and microalga — Spirulina sp. was investigated. During biosorption, essential elements are exchanged with alkali and alkaline earth metal ions (e.g. Na(I) ions), which are naturally bound with the biomass. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the increase in concentration of Na(I) ions on biosorption performance. The equilibrium of the process is described by Langmuir equation. It was found that with the increase in the initial concentration of NaCl (from 132 to 7331 mg L?1), there was a lower biosorption capacity of Enteromorpha prolifera (from 85.8 to 51.0 mg g?1) and Spirulina sp. (74.2 to 20.7 mg g?1) towards Cr(III) ions. It was also possible to determine the number of times the solution used in the biosorption process can be recycled and yet mantain high biosorption capacity. The determined numbers were: 16 for Enteromorpha prolifera and 19 for Spirulina sp. 相似文献
82.
Urszula?KotowskaEmail author Katarzyna?Bieńczyk 《Central European Journal of Chemistry》2013,11(10):1634-1643
Direct immersion solid-phase microextraction has been optimized and applied to the simultaneous determination of the neutral and basic pharmaceuticals: caffeine, carbamazepine, clomipramine, chlorprothixene and clotrimazole at low concentrations in municipal wastewater. Two absorption type stationary phases: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyacrylate (PA) have been found to be most effective for extraction of target analytes. The separation and detection were carried out by gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer working in the selected ion monitoring mode. The method was validated for linearity, detection and quantitation limits, selectivity and precision. The average correlation coefficient of the calibration curves was 0.9933. The LOD values in influent and effluent wastewater were in the range of 10–145 ng L?1 and 4–111 ng L?1, respectively, which were a bit higher than those in the deionized water due to matrix effect. The high values of distribution coefficient (K fs ) in PDMS/water and PA/water systems (log K fs between 3.05 and 4.23) indicates the very high applicability of these stationary phases for determination of carbamazepine, clomipramine, chlorprothixene and clotrimazole in water samples.
相似文献
83.
Marzena Dabioch Robert Skorek Andrzej Kita Piotr Janoska Katarzyna Pytlakowska Piotr Zerzucha Rafal Sitko 《Central European Journal of Chemistry》2013,11(5):742-753
Elements that enter the aquatic environment may pose a health risk to wildlife and humans. The aims of this study were: to determine how the introduction of activated carbon for a water purification system will improve the quality of the water produced; and to investigate the sorption of metals on activated carbons, including determination of the accumulation, as well as changes in concentrations of elements in carbons. The tests were carried out on three types of activated carbons with different granular structure. All samples were collected from Water Treatment Plant Goczalkowice, Poland. Concentrations of elements were measured using an optical emission spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma. The experiment showed that metals accumulating in the activated carbons during the operation included: Ca, Mn, Zn, and Cu. In each of the three types of carbons, it can distinguish such elements as Ba, Al, Cr, Ni, Ti, which are characterized by irregular accumulation during the operation of the filter. The introduction of carbon sorbent for water treatment largely contributed to improvement in the quality of raw material supplied to customers, mainly with regard to taste and smell, as well as to reduction of basic parameters: color, absorbance in the UV range and oxidability. 相似文献
84.
Andrzej Okuniewski Jaroslaw Chojnacki Katarzyna Baranowska Barbara Becker 《Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry》2013,69(2):195-198
Two new dialkylammonium thiosulfates, namely bis(diisopropylammonium) thiosulfate, 2C6H16N+·S2O32−, (I), and bis(tert‐butylammonium) thiosulfate, 2C4H12N+·S2O32−, (II), have been characterized. The secondary ammonium salt (I) crystallizes with Z = 4, while the primary ammonium salt (II), with more hydrogen‐bond donors, crystallizes with Z = 8 and a noncrystallographic centre of inversion. In both salts, the organic cations and thiosulfate anions are linked within extensive N—H...O and N—H...S hydrogen‐bond networks, forming extended two‐dimensional layers. Layers are parallel to (10) in (I) and to (002) in (II), and have a polar interior and a nonpolar hydrocarbon exterior. The layered structure and hydrogen‐bond motifs observed in (I) and (II) are similar to those in related ammonium sulfates. 相似文献
85.
Mirosław Giurg Katarzyna Piekielska Magdalena Gębala Bartosz Ditkowski Marcin Wolański Wanda Peczyńska‐Czoch 《合成通讯》2013,43(11):1779-1789
The catalytic oxidative cyclocondensation of the o‐aminophenols 1a–f was investigated. The oxidants used were air/laccase, H2O2/horseradish peroxidase, H2O2/ebselen (3), and TBHP/diphenyl diselenide 4. The products obtained were 2‐amino‐3H‐phenoxazin‐3‐one—questiomycin A, its derivative 2b, and cinnabarinic acid and actinocin (2c,d). Substrates with methyl groups at 4 and 5 positions of benzene ring were converted to different dihydrophenoxazinones 2g,h. Compounds having chlorine atoms at the same positions underwent oxidation to planar phenoxa-zinones 2e,f with elimination of one hydrochloride molecule. 相似文献
86.
Herein we report a facile synthesis of esters of bis‐α‐aminoalkylphosphinic acids obtained by an addition of Cbz‐protected phosphinic analogues of amino acid methyl esters to an appropriate imine in refluxing benzene. Complete deprotection of the esters could be achieved in one step by the action of 30% HBr in acetic acid. 相似文献
87.
Herbicidal ionic liquid with dual functions has been synthesized and characterized (properties, chemical stability and biological activity). 2-Chloroethyltrimethylammonium (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetate prepared in an alkaline environment undergoes the reaction of dehydrochlorination by the E2 mechanism. This may be described as a specific instance of providing third generation ILs with high potential of application, which preserve both pesticidal properties: the herbicidal activity due to their anions and plant growth inhibition effect due to their cations. 相似文献
88.
Katarzyna Szarlowicz Witold Reczynski Ryszard Misiak Barbara Kubica 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2013,298(2):1323-1333
The aim of the study was to determine whether using chemical and radiochemical analysis of lake sediments can highlight changes in the climate. Also it was studied whether human impact on the environment can be observed and to what extent such changes are in agreement with historical data. Samples of 16 cm thick sediment cores from the Smreczynski Staw Lake were collected and divided into 1 cm thick sub-samples. The samples were air dried and homogenized. The quantitative analysis of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Pb in the digested sediment samples was made by using atomic absorption spectrometry. Simultaneously, the radioactivity of 137Cs using gamma spectrometry and 210Pbuns using alpha spectrometry, were measured for sediment layer dating. Results showed that iron concentration was in the range 0.3–over 1 % (w/w), and zinc 0.01–0.05 % (w/w). Lesser concentrations were found for copper 18.37–43.6 ppm, manganese 37.5–50.7 ppm, lead 146.1–432 ppm, chromium 12.3–37.4 ppm, nickel 3.1–10.8 ppm and cadmium 0.9–34.6 ppm. Changes in 137Cs radioactivity was in the range of 89 ± 11 to 865 ± 62 (Bq kg?1). Sediments composition can accurately reflect (in terms of time and to what extent) air pollution and natural geo-chemical processes in the environment. However, the choice of the analysed object is crucial in this respect. The Smreczynski Staw Lake, due to its location in the mountains and hydrological situation, proved to be very useful for providing undisturbed analytical samples. 相似文献
89.
Piotr Hanczyc Katarzyna Matczyszyn Krzysztof Pawlik Joanna Olesiak Herve Leh Malcolm Buckle 《Liquid crystals》2013,40(4):461-468
The liquid crystalline (LC) properties of two supercoiled plasmid DNA samples, pBSK (2958 bp) and pGEM (3000 bp), have been studied using polarised light microscopy (PLM), circular dichroism (CD) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The influence of methods of isolation on plasmid LC behaviour is described, and using PLM we have demonstrated the spontaneous formation of cholesteric fingerprint-like textures. Preliminary studies of LC phase transitions in pGEM show the irreversibility of LC phase formation, as a consequence of changes in the tertiary structure of supercoiled plasmids. Using UV–Vis spectroscopy a hyperchromic effect was observed with increasing temperature. The CD spectra clearly showed structural changes, and probably mismatching of DNA bases, during cooling. Finally, we have observed an irreversible phase transition in plasmid DNA which is very different from that previously reported in linear DNA. 相似文献
90.