Magnetotransport properties in \text{ Ni }_{81}\text{ Fe }_{19}\text{/Zr } multi-layers

In this work, we present a study of the magneto transport properties in magnetic multilayered structure $\text{ Ni }_{81}\text{ Fe }_{19}\text{/Zr }$ Ni 81 Fe 19 /Zr . The magnetic $(\text{ Ni }_{81}\text{ Fe }_{19})$ ( Ni 81 Fe 19 ) and non magnetic (Zr) layer thickness $(\mathbf{t}_\mathbf{NiFe}, \mathbf{t}_\mathbf{zr})$ ( t NiFe , t zr ) effects on the magneto resistance (MR) are discussed theoretically in the framework of the Johnson–Camley semi classical approach based on the Boltzmann transport equation. A comparison between calculated and measured MR is obtained. The observed MR ratio oscillates for Zr layer thickness with an average period of 7Å. A generally weak $\text{ MR }(\text{ t }_{\mathrm{NiFe}})$ MR ( t NiFe ) ratio for fixed $\mathbf{t}_\mathbf{zr}$ t zr is obtained and it shows a maxima peak of the MR with a value of 1.8 % located at $\mathbf{t}_\mathbf{NiFe}= 80$ t NiFe = 80 Å.     

Structural and lithium intercalation studies of Mn(0.5−x)CaxTi2(PO4)3 phases (0≤x≤0.50)

Materials from the Mn_(0.5−x)Ca_xTi₂(PO₄)₃ (0≤x≤0.50) solid solution were obtained by solid-state reaction in air at 1000 °C. Selected compositions were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction analysis, ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and electrochemical lithium intercalation. The structure of all samples determined by Rietveld analysis is of the Nasicon type with the R space group. Mn²⁺/Ca²⁺ ions occupy only the M1 sites in the Ti₂(PO₄)₃ framework. The divalent cations are ordered in one of two M1 sites, except for the Mn_0.50Ti₂(PO₄)₃ phase, where a small departure from the ideal order is observed by XRD and ³¹P MAS NMR. The electrochemical behaviour of Mn_0.50Ti₂(PO₄)₃ and Mn_(0.5−x)Ca_xTi₂(PO₄)₃ phases was characterised in Li cells. Two Li ions can be inserted without altering the Ti₂(PO₄)₃ framework. In the 0≤y≤2 range, the OCV curves of Li//Li_yMn_0.50Ti₂(PO₄)₃ cells show two main potential plateaus at 2.90 and 2.50–2.30 V. Comparison between the OCV curves of Li//Li_(1+y)Ti₂(PO₄)₃ and Li//Li_yMn_0.50Ti₂(PO₄)₃ shows that the intercalation occurs first in the unoccupied M1 site of Mn_0.50Ti₂(PO₄)₃ at 2.90 V and then, for compositions y>0.50, at the M2 site (2.50–2.30 V voltage range). The effect of calcium substitution in Mn_0.50Ti₂(PO₄)₃ on the lithium intercalation is also discussed from a structural and kinetic viewpoint. In all systems, the lithium intercalation is associated with a redistribution of the divalent cation over all M1 sites. In the case of Mn_0.50Ti₂(PO₄)₃, the stability of Mn²⁺ either in an octahedral or tetrahedral environment facilitates cationic migration.     

Radiation Effects on Optical Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Films

The optical properties of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) film have been studied. The effects of gamma irradiations on the optical spectrum of EVA films have been investigated using spectrophotometric measurements of reflectance and transmittance in the wavelength range 200–1100 nm. The absorption spectra were recorded in the UV–vis region for the unirradiated and irradiated films (from 0 to 50 kGy). Optical constants such as refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (K), and complex dielectric constant have been determined, as well as the optical dispersion parameters and high frequency dielectric constants. A large dependence of the fundamental optical constants on the irradiation dose was noticed. On irradiation, a higher refractive index was obtained as compared with that for unirradiated film. The dispersion parameters, such as E ₀ (single‐oscillator energy), E _d (dispersive energy), and M _?1 and M _?3 (moments), are discussed in terms of the single‐oscillator Wemple–DiDomenico model.     

Raman study of LiTaO3-related non-stoichiometric solid solutions isolated inside the ternary systems Li2O–Ta2O5–(M′O)2 with M′=Mn,Co

We have characterized by Raman spectroscopy the disorder and the local modifications of cation environment in the lithium tantalate structure resulting from the incorporation of bivalent cations Co²⁺ and Mn²⁺ as potential substitutes for Li and/or Ta ions. Frequency and damping of the E(TO1), E(TO6) and E(TO8) phonon modes of ceramic powders are studied along seven lines in the ternary phase diagrams Li₂O–Ta₂O₅–(M′O)₂ with M′=Mn and Co, and compared to those of the pure stoichiometric LiTaO₃. Raman spectroscopy is found to be very sensitive to the substitution ions and defects generated in the lattice vibration. Dopants occupy primarily the Li site in the region of lithium oxide excess. The site of Ta becomes progressively implicated in the substitution process when the concentration of dopant increases. In the Li-poor region of the ternary-phase diagram, corresponding to under-stoichiometric compositions, we retain the charge compensation mechanism involving both Li and Ta site according to: 3Li⁺+Ta⁵⁺→4M′²⁺ with M′²⁺=Mn²⁺ or Co²⁺.     

Exact analytical solutions for shallow impurity states in symmetrical paraboloidal and hemiparaboloidal quantum dots

The problem of a shallow donor impurity located at the centre of a symmetrical paraboloidal quantum dot (SPQD) is solved exactly. The Schrödinger equation is separated in the paraboloidal coordinate system. Three different cases are discussed for the radial-like equations. For a bound donor, the energy is negative and the solutions are described by Whittaker functions. For a non-bound donor, the energy is positive and the solutions become coulomb wave functions. In the last case, the energy is equal to zero and the solutions reduce to Bessel functions. Using the boundary conditions at the dot surfaces, the variations of the donor kinetic and potential energies versus the size of the dot are obtained. The problem of a shallow donor impurity in a Hemiparaboloidal Quantum dot (HPQD) is also studied. It is shown that the wave functions of a HPQD are specific linear combinations of those of a SPQD.     

Pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance study of transport properties of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts

Pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG NMR) has been applied to study molecular diffusion in industrial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts and in USY zeolite for a broad range of molecular displacements and temperatures. The results of this study have been used to elucidate the relevance of molecular transport on various displacements for the rate of molecular exchange between catalyst particles and their surroundings. It turned out that this rate, which may determine the overall rate and selectivity of FCC process, is primarily related to the diffusion mode associated with displacements larger than the size of zeolite crystals located in the particles but smaller than the size of the particles. This conclusion has been confirmed by comparative studies of the catalytic performance of different FCC catalysts.