Embedded Surfaces for Symplectic Circle Actions

The purpose of this article is to characterize symplectic and Hamiltonian circle actions on symplectic manifolds in terms of symplectic embeddings of Riemann surfaces.More precisely, it is shown that(1) if(M, ω) admits a Hamiltonian S~1-action, then there exists a two-sphere S in M with positive symplectic area satisfying c1(M, ω), [S] 0,and(2) if the action is non-Hamiltonian, then there exists an S~1-invariant symplectic2-torus T in(M, ω) such that c1(M, ω), [T] = 0. As applications, the authors give a very simple proof of the following well-known theorem which was proved by Atiyah-Bott,Lupton-Oprea, and Ono: Suppose that(M, ω) is a smooth closed symplectic manifold satisfying c1(M, ω) = λ· [ω] for some λ∈ R and G is a compact connected Lie group acting effectively on M preserving ω. Then(1) if λ 0, then G must be trivial,(2) if λ = 0, then the G-action is non-Hamiltonian, and(3) if λ 0, then the G-action is Hamiltonian.     

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic adsorption on Y zeolites

The uniform large micropores of hydrothermally stable Y zeolites are used widely to confine both polar and non-polar molecules. This paper compares the physisorption of water, methanol, cyclohexane, benzene and other adsorbates over various Y zeolites. These adsorbents are commercial products with reproducibly controllable physical and chemical characteristics. Results indicate that the type I isotherms typical for micropore adsorption can turn into type II or type III isotherms depending on either or both the hydrophobicity of the adsorbent and the polarity of the adsorbate. Methanol produced a rare type V isotherm not reported over zeolites before. Canonical and grand canonical Monte Carlo molecular simulations with Metropolis importance sampling reproduced the experimental isotherms and showed characteristic geometric patterns for molecules confined in Na-X, Na-Y, dealuminated Y, and ZSM5 structures. Adsorbate—adsorbate interactions seem to determine the micropore condensation of both polar and non-polar molecules. Exchanged ions and lattice defects play a secondary role in shaping the adsorption isotherms. The force field of hydrophobic Y appears to exert an as yet unexplored sieving effect on adsorbates having different dipole moments and partial charge distributions. This mechanism is apparently different from both the monolayer formation controlled adsorption on hydrophobic mesopores and macropores and the polarizability and small-pore opening controlled micropore confinement in hydrophobic ZSM5.     

Ab initio study of superoxide anion—water clusters O2 − (H2O)n=1-5

The structures, energies, Spectra, and charge transfer to solvent (CTTS) energies of the hydrated superoxide anion clusters have been investigated using both density functional calculations (DFT) with Becke-3-parameters employing Lee-Yang-Parr functionals (B3LYP) and second-order M?ller Plesset perturbation (MP2) calculations employing highly diffuse basis sets. Given the good agreement of our predicted results with the experimental spectra and enthalpy, it would be interesting if the CTTS energies could be experimentally determined.     

Kinetics of supersaturation decay in the crystallization of lysozyme

The molecular architecture of proteins can be determined by analysing the X-ray diffraction patterns of their crystals. The technology of X-ray crystallography has reached the point, however, where the determination of the structure of a given crystal is controlled by the limited availability of the crystals themselves. Proteins can often be crystallized from pH buffered aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes. When dissolved protein in solution is more stable than crystalline protein, the appearance of crystals can be said to be under thermodynamic control. If, on the other hand, the crystals are more stable than the dissolved protein, and still crystals are slow to appear, the crystallization can be said to be under kinetic control. Using dilatometry, we have followed the rate of decay of the protein supersaturation in crystallizing solutions of chicken egg-white lysozyme under conditions of kinetic control. We have found that the rate of decay of the supersaturation is first order in the supersaturation and that the rate constant is independent of the initial protein concentration, but increases with increasing pH, decreasing temperature, and with increasing concentrations of sodium chloride and buffer salt. We correlate these observed trends in the rate constant with related trends in the solubility and surface charge density of the crystals. We conclude that the rate constant for supersaturation decay is inversely proportional to the protein solubility.     

EXCITED STATE PROPERTIES OF THE N-(DEOXYGUANOSIN-8-YL)-2-AMINOFLUORENE ADDUCTS

The spectroscopic characteristics of adducts derived from the covalent binding of the carcinogen 2-aminofluorene to the C8 position of deoxyguanosine [N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-fluorene, dGuo-C8-AF], and from an adduct of similar structure formed with the synthetic polynucleotide poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), were investigated. At 77 K both adducts are characterized by well-defined and rather narrow fluorescence emission spectra with maxima at 370 and 390 nm characteristic of the aromatic, monomolecular 2-aminofluorene (AF) residue. In contrast, at room temperature, the fluorescence is characterized by a broad, structureless emission band with a maximum at 460 nm in aqueous mixtures, shifting to 415 nm in solvents of lower polarity (100% propanol); the maxima are located at intermediate wavelengths in solutions of different propanol/water compositions, and this emission is attributed to an excited state complex (exciplex). The fluorescence quantum yield decreases when either the solvent polarity or the temperature are increased, varying from 5.4% (100% propanol) to 0.04-0.05% (100% H2O). The fluorescence decay profiles of dGuo-C8-AF adducts (measured at the National Synchrotron Light Source facility at the Brookhaven National Laboratory) can be roughly, but not exactly, modeled in terms of two exponential decay components in the range of about 0.3-1.0 ns with the propanol concentration greater than 60%; at lower propanol concentrations, a single short lifetime is observed and in 100% water solutions its value is 0.08 ns. The shorter lifetime, favored in solvent mixtures of higher polarities, is attributed to an exciplex with significant charge-transfer character.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Development and Characterization of Metal-Insulator-Metal Capacitors with SiNx Thin Films by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

We report the fabrication of high breakdown voltage metal-insulator-metal （MIM） capacitors with 200-nm silicon nitride deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition with 0.957 SiH4/NH3 gas mixing rate, 0.9 Torr working pressure, and 60 W rf power at 250℃ chamber temperature. Some optimized mechanisms such as metal source wiping, pre-melting and evaporation rate adjustment are used for increasing the yield of the MIM capacitors. N2 annealing and O2/H2 plasma pre-deposition treatment is proposed to increase the reliability of the MIM capacitors in high-temperature, high-pressure, and high-humidity environments. A 97% yield and up to 148 V breakdown voltage of a 13.06pF MIM capacitor with 0.04 mm^2 die area can be fabricated.     

New travelling wave solutions for nonlinear stochastic evolution equations

The nonlinear stochastic evolution equations have a wide range of applications in physics, chemistry, biology, economics and finance from various points of view. In this paper, the $\left({G^{\prime}}/{G}\right)$ -expansion method is implemented for obtaining new travelling wave solutions of the nonlinear (2?+?1)-dimensional stochastic Broer–Kaup equation and stochastic coupled Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. The study highlights the significant features of the method employed and its capability of handling nonlinear stochastic problems.     

Low-Frequency Relaxation Oscillations in Capacitive Discharge Processes

Low-frequency （2.72-3.70 Hz） relaxation oscillations at 100 mTorr at higher absorbed power were observed from time-varying optical emission of the main discharge chamber and the periphery. We interpret the low frequency oscillations using an electromagnetic model of the slot impedance with parallel connection variational peripheral capacitance, coupled to a circuit analysis of the system including the matching network. The model results are in general agreement with the experimental observations, and indicate a variety of behaviours dependent on the matching conditions.     

Thermodynamics of the β-Naphthol/Acetamide Phase Diagram by Thermal Analysis Techniques

Thermal analysis has been integrated into our physical chemistry laboratory course in order to allow students to systematically explore the role of composition in determining the physical properties of a binary mixture. The -naphthol/acetamide system is presented as an interesting starting point for such a project, as it displays a temperature/composition phase diagram which deviates slightly from the simple two-component eutectic picture. Students compare their measured pure-component melting temperatures with literature values, rationalize the observed trends with mixing using freezing-point-depression arguments, and make a literature search of the unique morphological solid phase obseved in analogous studies. This hands-on project is designed to be accompanied by a classroom discussion of multicomponent phase equilibria.