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31.
Ville Nieminen Markus Karjalainen Katri Salminen Jussi Rantala Anton Kontunen Poika Isokoski Philipp Müller Pasi Kallio Veikko Surakka Jukka Lekkala 《International Journal for Ion Mobility Spectrometry》2018,21(3):71-80
Production of easily controllable and measurable odor stimuli is needed when studying human olfaction, olfaction-related physiology and psychological reactions to odors. Controlled odor producing instruments are called olfactometers. For testing and calibrating new olfactometers or sensor arrays, a reliable input signal has to be produced to verify their accurate functionality. A common input signal in various olfactometers has been the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in gaseous form. We present a compact olfactometer able to produce controlled continuous odor stimuli from three individual channels. For measuring the output gas flow, we used a ChemPro 100i (Environics, Finland) device that is based on aspiration ion mobility spectrometry (aIMS). IMS is a robust and sensitive method for measuring VOCs and is used especially in detecting toxic industrial chemicals and chemical warfare agents, but the technology is also suitable for other olfactory-related applications. The olfactometer was used to produce synthetic jasmine scent using three main odor components from jasmine oil and all the components were diluted using propylene glycol. The dilutions were supplied to the system using programmable syringe pumps, which guided the dilutions to individual evaporation units. We conducted experiments to verify the functionality of our olfactometer. Analysis of the ChemPro100i data showed that olfactometer can use different odor components to produce continuous, stable output flows with controlled concentrations. 相似文献
32.
Variability of UV irradiance in Europe 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Seckmeyer G Pissulla D Glandorf M Henriques D Johnsen B Webb A Siani AM Bais A Kjeldstad B Brogniez C Lenoble J Gardiner B Kirsch P Koskela T Kaurola J Uhlmann B Slaper H den Outer P Janouch M Werle P Gröbner J Mayer B de la Casiniere A Simic S Carvalho F 《Photochemistry and photobiology》2008,84(1):172-179
33.
The selfadjoint realization of a second order elliptic differential expression with Dirichlet boundary conditions is shown to be unitarily equivalent to the maximal multiplication operator with the independent variable in an explicit L2 model space. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
34.
Minna GünesÛ Jussi Valkonen 《Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry》2004,60(11):i101-i103
Calcium tetrathiocyanatodiargentate(I) dihydrate, Ca[Ag2(SCN)4]·2H2O, contains eight‐membered Ag4S4 rings bonded together through shared atoms to form layers parallel to (100). The thiocyanate groups link the layers to Ca–O chains running parallel to the c axis. The Ca atom is located on a twofold rotation axis parallel to b and is surrounded by four water molecules of crystallization and four thiocyanate N atoms in a distorted square antiprism. 相似文献
35.
Anders Lindfors Anu Heikkilä Jussi Kaurola Tapani Koskela Kaisa Lakkala 《Photochemistry and photobiology》2009,85(5):1233-1239
UV radiation exerts several effects concerning life on Earth, and spectral information on the prevailing UV radiation conditions is needed in order to study each of these effects. In this paper, we present a method for reconstruction of solar spectral UV irradiances at the Earth's surface. The method, which is a further development of an earlier published method for reconstruction of erythemally weighted UV, relies on radiative transfer simulations, and takes as input (1) the effective cloud optical depth as inferred from pyranometer measurements of global radiation (300–3000 nm); (2) the total ozone column; (3) the surface albedo as estimated from measurements of snow depth; (4) the total water vapor column; and (5) the altitude of the location. Reconstructed daily cumulative spectral irradiances at Jokioinen and Sodankylä in Finland are, in general, in good agreement with measurements. The mean percentage difference, for instance, is mostly within ±8%, and the root mean square of the percentage difference is around 10% or below for wavelengths over 310 nm and daily minimum solar zenith angles (SZA) less than 70°. In this study, we used pseudospherical radiative transfer simulations, which were shown to improve the performance of our method under large SZA (low Sun). 相似文献
36.
Kre?n's formula provides a parametrization of the generalized resolvents and Štraus extensions of a closed symmetric operator with equal possibly infinite defect numbers in a Hilbert space in terms of Nevanlinna families in a parameter space. The aim of this note is to give a simple complete analytical proof of Kre?n's formula. 相似文献
37.
Mikko Voutilainen Paul Sardini Marja Siitari-Kauppi Pekka Kek?l?inen Vesa Aho Markko Myllys Jussi Timonen 《Transport in Porous Media》2013,96(2):319-336
Numerical time-domain-diffusion simulations were used for studying the diffusion behavior of tracer molecules in rock matrix with homogeneous and heterogeneous porosity. As the heterogeneous sample in these simulations, a 3D tomographic image of altered tonalite was used, in which the mineral components and the pores resolved by X-ray microtomography were represented by their respective intragranular porosities determined previously by the 14C-PMMA method. The apparent diffusion coefficient of a tracer in altered tonalite was determined experimentally, and was then used in the simulations. In the altered tonalite analyzed, inclusion of heterogeneity in the porosity increased the diffusion coefficient by 16 %. Altered and pristine feldspar was the main mineral component in the sample (72 %), and it also provided the dominant contribution to tracer diffusion, explaining alone 52 % of the diffusion coefficient. The large pores resolved by microtomography (6 %) and altered and pristine mica (22 %) gave an equal contribution to the diffusion coefficient. The simulation method applied was also validated by comparing the results to both an analytical and a numerical solution to the diffusion equation in a homogenous medium. In addition, the method was compared to discrete-time random-walk simulations in the case of randomly placed overlapping spheres. 相似文献
38.
Jussi Lehtola Mikko Hakala Arto Sakko Keijo Hämäläinen 《Journal of computational chemistry》2012,33(18):1572-1585
ERKALE is a novel software program for computing X‐ray properties, such as ground‐state electron momentum densities, Compton profiles, and core and valence electron excitation spectra of atoms and molecules. The program operates at Hartree–Fock or density‐functional level of theory and supports Gaussian basis sets of arbitrary angular momentum and a wide variety of exchange‐correlation functionals. ERKALE includes modern convergence accelerators such as Broyden and ADIIS and it is suitable for general use, as calculations with thousands of basis functions can routinely be performed on desktop computers. Furthermore, ERKALE is written in an object oriented manner, making the code easy to understand and to extend to new properties while being ideal also for teaching purposes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
39.
We consider a class of boundary value problems for Sturm-Liouville operators with indefinite weight functions. The spectral parameter appears nonlinearly in the boundary condition in the form of a function τ which has the property that λ?λτ(λ) is a generalized Nevanlinna function. We construct linearizations of these boundary value problems and study their spectral properties. 相似文献
40.