Chemical, structural, and thermal properties of Zn(II)-Cr(III) layered double hydroxides intercalated with sulfated and sulfonated surfactants

Zn(II)-Cr(III)-LDHs (layered double hydroxides) containing sulfated or sulfonated surfactants as the interlamellar anion were synthesized by the coprecipitation method. The syntheses were conducted under various different experimental conditions, such as the Zn : Cr ratio, pH, and aging time. In each of the prepared materials, unlike previously reported data, the interlayer anion arrangement did not change, being consistent with a perpendicular monolayer. The thermal decomposition process of the prepared materials was studied by a set of analysis methods, such as TG/DTA, TG/MS, PXRD, and FT-IR. From the results obtained it was possible to conclude that, in an air atmosphere, the anions decomposed by a partial combustion, leading to the formation of sulfide. The results also showed that sulfonated surfactants containing LDHs are much more stable than those containing sulfated surfactants. A mechanism was proposed for the thermal decomposition of such LDHs based on the experimental results.     

The site of protonation of bifunctional bases with competing basic centers. I. Aromatic nitriles

The experimental values of the gas-phase proton affinities for a variety of 4-substituted benzonitriles, 4-substitutedN, N-dimethylanilines, and 4-substituted benzaldehydes have been examined by means of correlation analysis techniques and by ab initio quantum mechanical methods (MP2/ 6-31G(d) level). From this study it is concluded that in the gas phase, 4-(dimethylamino)-benzonitrile essentially protonates on the dimethylamino group, while protonated 4-cyanobenzaldehyde is very nearly a 21 mixture of the carbonyl- and cyano-protonated forms.This work is dedicatedin memoriam to Professor Robert W. Taft.     

Prediction of adsorption of organic component and water vapour mixture onto activated carbon

A simple isotherm equation is derived for the adsorption of an organic component onto activated carbon in presence of water vapour. The theoretical results are compared with experimental data for toluene-water vapour-activated carbon, which were published byRipperger andGermerdonk [10].

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Vorhersage der Adsorption einer organischen Komponente und Wasserdampf an Aktivkohle

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine einfache Adsorptionsisotherme abgeleitet, welche die gleichzeitige Adsorption eines organischen Stoffes und Wasser an Aktivkohle beschreibt. Die theoretischen Ergebnisse werden mit experimentellen Resultaten vonRipperger undGermerdonk [10] für Toluol-Wasser-Aktivkohle verglichen.

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Symbols a _i adsorbate concentration in adsorbent, kg/kg of carbon - a _0i monolayer capacity, kg/kg of carbon - b _i kinetic parameter of theLangmuir equation - E _j adsorption energy in thej-th layer - i i-th component (1 — water vapour, 2 — organic compound) - j j-th layer - m number of layers - n number of adsorbed components - p partial pressure, Pa - p* saturation partial pressure, Pa - p _C water vapour partial pressure at begining of capillary condensation, Pa - surface coverage     

Evaluation of isothermal kinetic of sweetener

Summary Sulfonylureas are widely used for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Glibenclamide belongs to the group of substituted arylsulfonylureas. Many representative of this group shows polymorphism. The purpose of this work was to investigate the thermal behaviour and compatibility between glibenclamide and some excipients using thermoanalytical techniques (TG-DTG/DSC). The thermal and isothermal kinetics data showed incompatibility between glibenclamide and magnesium stearate.     

Phase equilibria in the ternary system PbO−P2O5−PbCl2

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - In the ternary system PbO?P2O5?PbCl2, the partial ternary system Pb5Cl2O4?Pb3Cl2O2?Pb10(PO4)6Cl2 was examined by thermal,...     

Molecular Imprinting in Sol-Gel Materials: Recent Developments and Applications

Since its inception five decades ago, imprinted sol-gel materials went practically unnoticed, until in the 1970s the conceptual introduction of molecular imprinting in synthetic polymers triggered a new interest in this field. The recent growth in interest in organic–inorganic hybrid materials prepared by sol-gel chemistry and the development of a variety of new strategies for imprinting polymeric matrices have led to a growing activity in what became known as molecularly imprinted sol-gel materials. This paper intends to give an overview of recent progress in molecular imprinting in sol-gel matrices, the potential analytical applications of these tailor-made materials and their limitations, with the aim of drawing attention to useful information and to enhancing interest in this practically unexplored but promising field.     

Molecular structure and polarity of the C3NH carbene

Ab initio MP 2/4-31G ** calculations indicate that the most stable form of C₃NH is bent and singlet and that the linear structure corresponds to a maximum. The effect of changing the CNH angle on the total energy is slight, but it is quite pronounced on the molecular polarity. The wider angle tends to increase the polarity of C₃NH. MP 2/4-31G ** calculations predict a difference of polarity between linear and bent structures of 0.8 D.     

Water adsorption in disordered mesoporous silica (Vycor) at 300 K and 650 K: a Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation study of hysteresis

This numerical simulation paper focuses on the adsorption/desorption of water in disordered mesoporous silica glasses (Vycor-like). The numerical adsorbent was previously obtained by off lattice method, and was shown to reproduce quite well the micro- and mesotextural properties of real Vycor, as well as morphological (pore size distribution) and topological (pore interconnections) disorder. The water-water interactions are described by the SPC model while water-silica interactions are calculated in the framework of the PN-TrAZ model. The water adsorption/desorption isotherms and the configurational energies are calculated by the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation method. The low pressure results compare well with experiments, showing the good transferability of the intermolecular potential. It is shown that if the hysteresis loop observed in the adsorption/desorption isotherm is considered as a true phase transition (which is actually still an open question in the case of disordered porous materials), then it is possible to calculate the grand potential by applying the thermodynamic integration scheme. The grand potential is shown to be multivalued for low (subcritical) temperature, and continuous for high (supercritical) temperature. A coexistence point is found within the hysteresis loop, actually close to the vertical desorption line. Below the equilibrium chemical potential, the gaslike branch is stable whereas the liquidlike branch is metastable. The situation is reversed above the coexistence point.     

Application of amperometric sol-gel biosensor to flow injection determination of glucose

A glucose biosensor with enzyme immobilised by sol–gel technology was constructed and evaluated. The glucose biosensor reported is based on encapsulated GOX within a sol–gel glass, prepared with 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyltrimetoxy silane and HCl. A flow system incorporating the amperometric biosensor constructed was developed for the determination of glucose in the 1×10⁻⁴–5×10⁻³ mol l⁻¹ range with a precision of 1.5%. The results obtained for the analysis of electrolytic solution for iv administration and human serum samples showed good agreement between the proposed method and the reference procedure, with relative error <5%.     

Chronocoulometric study of the electrochemistry of Prussian blue

During the electrochemical oxidation of Prussian blue (PB) to Prussian yellow (PY), an electrocatalytic oxygen production proceeds at the electrode when aqueous electrolyte solutions are used. The formed oxygen is scavenged by the PY, probably by absorption, and it is consumed during the electrochemical reduction of PY to PB by a heterogeneous chemical reaction of PB with oxygen to PY and hydrogen peroxide. Because of this catalytic regeneration of PY, it is impossible to determine the amount of low-spin iron by chronocoulometry using a potential program in which PB is first oxidized to PY and then the charge is measured to reduce PY to PB. The latter charge is biased by the electrocatalytic PY regeneration.