Complete ozonolysis of alkyl substituted ethenes at -60 degrees C: distributions of ozonide and oligomeric products

The distribution of ozonide and oligomeric structures formed on complete ozonolysis of alkenes in a non-participating solvent at -60 degrees C is governed by the alkyl substitution around the carbon-carbon double bond. The ozonolysis of a 1,1-alkyl substituted ethene generally favours the formation of an ozonide (a 1,2,4-trioxolane). Whereas the ozonolysis of a 1,1,2-alkyl substituted ethene also produces ozonide, a considerable amount of the ozonised products are oligomeric in nature. For example, the ozonolysis of 3-methylpent-2-ene in solution to high conversion in pentane yields oligomers with structural units derived from the fragmentation products of the primary ozonide (a 1,2,3-trioxolane) which are namely butanone carbonyl oxide and acetaldehyde; these can be characterised by electrospray ionisation mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) under soft ionisation conditions. The predominant oligomers formed are rich in carbonyl oxide units (80 + mol%) and are cyclic in nature. A small proportion of the oligomers formed are open chain compounds with end groups that suggest that chain termination is brought about either by water or by hydrogen peroxide. Residual water in the solvent will react with the carbonyl oxides to produce 2-methoxybut-2-yl hydroperoxide, which we propose readily decomposes generating hydrogen peroxide. A significant yield of oligomers also is obtained from the ozonolysis of a 1,2-alkyl substituted ethene. The ozonolysis of trans-hex-2-ene in pentane yields oligomers containing up to four structural units and are predicted to be mainly cyclic.     

Spectrofluorimetric determination of cisatracurium and mivacurium in spiked human serum and pharmaceuticals

Spectrofluorimetric methods to determine cisatracurium and mivacurium are proposed and applied to the determination of both substances in human serum and to the determination of mivacurium in pharmaceuticals. The fluorimetric methods allow the determination of 5-500 ng ml(-1) of mivacurium in aqueous solutions and 5-500 ng ml(-1) of cisatracurium in water-acetonitrile solutions, both containing acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) with lambda(exc)=230 nm and lambda(em)=324 nm.     

Limited flexibility of lactose detected from residual dipolar couplings using molecular dynamics simulations and steric alignment methods

The conformational flexibility of lactose in solution has been investigated by residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). One-bond carbon-proton and proton-proton coupling constants have been measured in two oriented media and interpreted in combination with molecular dynamics simulations (MD). Two different approaches, known as PALES (Zweckstetter et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3791-3792) and TRAMITE (Azurmendi et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 2426-2427), have been used to determine the alignment tensor from a shape-induced alignment model with the oriented medium. The steric alignment of the structures from several MD trajectories has provided ensemble averaged RDCs that have been compared with the experimental ones. The obtained results reveal the almost exclusive presence of a major low energy region defined as syn-phi/syn-psi (> 97%), for which sampling occurs in a dynamic manner. This result satisfactorily agrees with that determined by standard NOE-based methods.     

Temperature Dependence of the Solubility of Acetaminophen in Propylene Glycol + Ethanol Mixtures

The thermodynamic functions Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of solution, mixing and solvation of acetaminophen in propylene glycol (PG) + ethanol (EtOH) cosolvent mixtures were evaluated from solubility data measured at several temperatures, using the van't Hoff and Gibbs equations. The solubility was greater at 50% m/m of PG at 20.0^C, while it was greater at 80% of PG at 40.0 ^C where m/m refers to mass percent. The solvation of this drug is appreciably greater in the mixtures than in the pure solvents. By means of an enthalpy–entropy compensation analysis, complex behavior was found for the solution. From 0 up to 20% of PG and from 60 up to 100% of PG the solution process is enthalpy driven, whereas from 20 up to 60% of PG it is entropy driven. These facts can be explained in terms of a decrease in the energy required for cavity formation in the solvent for mixtures containing 20–60% of PG.     

Mineral content and botanical origin of Spanish honeys

Eleven elements (Zn, P, B, Mn, Mg, Cu, Ca, Ba, Sr, Na and K) were determined by inductively plasma coupled spectrometry in 40 honey samples from different places of Spain and four different botanical origins: Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), Heather (Erica sp.), Orange-blossom (Citrus sinensis) and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). K, Ca and P show the higher levels with average concentrations ranged between 434.1-1935 mg kg⁻¹ for K; 42.59-341.0 mg kg⁻¹ for Ca and 51.17-154.3 mg kg⁻¹ for P. Levels of Cu (0.531-2.117 mg kg⁻¹), Ba (0.106-1.264 mg kg⁻¹) and Sr (0.257-1.462 mg kg⁻¹) are the lowest in all honey samples. Zn (1.332-7.825 mg kg⁻¹), Mn (0.133-9.471 mg kg⁻¹), Mg (13.26-74.38 mg kg⁻¹) and Na (11.69-218.5 mg kg⁻¹) concentrations were found strongly dependent on the kind of botanical origin.Results were submitted to pattern recognition procedures, unsupervised methods such as cluster and principal components analysis and supervised learning methods like linear discriminant analysis in order to evaluate the existence of data patterns and the possibility of differentiation of Spanish honeys from different botanical origins according to their mineral content. Cluster analysis shows four clusters corresponding to the four botanical origins of honey and PCA explained 71% of the variance with the first two PC variables. The best-grouped honeys were those from heather; eucalyptus honeys formed a more dispersed group and finally orange-blossom and rosemary honeys formed a less distinguishable group.     

Delineation of RAID1, the RACK1 interaction domain located within the unique N-terminal region of the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE4D5

Background  

The cyclic AMP specific phosphodiesterase, PDE4D5 interacts with the β-propeller protein RACK1 to form a signaling scaffold complex in cells. Two-hybrid analysis of truncation and mutant constructs of the unique N-terminal region of the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE4D5 were used to define a domain conferring interaction with the signaling scaffold protein, RACK1.     

Isotope effects in electron-donor-acceptor complexes involving aromatic hydrocarbons and fluoranil from NMR shift measurements

Equilibrium constants and NMR shift parameters have been determined for complexes of benzene, toluene and p-xylene and their perdeutero-analogues with fluoranil in cyclohexane solution from NMR shift measurements. Isotope effects are observed in the 1:1 equilibrium constants for the complexes of p-xylene $\text{(}\text{K}{}_1\text{(D)}\text{K}{}_1\text{(H)}$= 1.1₀) and toluene $\text{(}\text{K}{}_1\text{(D)}\text{K}{}_1\text{(H)}$ = 1.0₉). A much smaller effect was observed for the benzene complex which could not be quantified. These results may be interpreted through either the larger electronegativity of H over D, or the greater steric requirements of H over D.     

A ruthenium probe for cell viability measurement using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and time-resolved luminescence

The capability of the new luminescent probe (dibenzo[h,j] dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine)bis(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dication, (RB2Z), to discriminate live and dead cells has been tested on rat hepatocytes and mouse lymphocytes. RB2Z-stained cells were analyzed using flow cytometry, fluorescence (confocal) microscopy and time-resolved luminescence measurements. The established viability probes propidium iodide (PI) and SYTOX green (SG) were used as controls. The intense luminescence of RB2Z at 606 nm is localized in the nucleus of nonviable cells. Viability measurements by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy using RB2Z as dead-cell marker yield the same results as PI and SG. The luminescence lifetime of RB2Z also displays sensitivity to cell viability (0.45 and 0.82 microsecond in presence of fully viable and dead cells, respectively). This ruthenium complex is photostable under laser sources and its 200 nm Stokes shift facilitates multicolor labeling experiments in flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Unlike the currently available probes, the long-lived excited state of RB2Z also allows assays based on luminescence decay measurements.     

Cyclopentane-1,3-dione bis(4-methylthiosemicarbazone) monohydrochloride as a spectrophotometric reagent for the determination of chlorate in perchloric acid medium

1,3-Cyclopentanedione bis(4-methylthiosemicarbazone) monohydrochloride produces colored solutions with chlorate ions in strongly acid medium. The yellow color obtained has been used to propose a spectrophotometric method of C10₃^? determination in the concentration range 0.5–6.0 ppm (molar absorptivity 1.26 × 10⁴ liters mol^?1 cm^?1 at a wavelength of 397 nm).     

Carbohydrate-based DNA ligands: sugar-oligoamides as a tool to study carbohydrate-nucleic acid interactions

Sugar-oligoamides have been designed and synthesized as structurally simple carbohydrate-based ligands to study carbohydrate-DNA interactions. The general design of the ligands 1-3 has been done as to favor the bound conformation of Distamycin-type gamma-linked covalent dimers which is a hairpin conformation. Indeed, NMR analysis of the sugar-oligoamides in the free state has indicated the presence of a percentage of a hairpin conformation in aqueous solution. The DNA binding activity of compounds 1-3 was confirmed by calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) NMR titration. Interestingly, the binding of the different sugar-oligoamides seems to be modulated by the sugar configuration. Semiquantitative structural information about the DNA ligand complexes has been derived from NMR data. A competition experiment with Netropsin suggested that the sugar-oligoamide 3 bind to DNA in the minor groove. The NMR titrations of 1-3 with poly(dA-dT) and poly(dG-dC) suggested preferential binding to the ATAT sequence. TR-NOE NMR experiments for the sugar-oligoamide 3-ct-DNA complex both in D(2)O and H(2)O have confirmed the complex formation and given information on the conformation of the ligand in the bound state. The data confirmed that the sugar-oligoamide ligand is a hairpin in the bound state. Even more relevant to our goal, structural information on the conformation around the N-glycosidic linkage has been accessed. Thus, the sugar asymmetric centers pointing to the NH-amide and N-methyl rims of the molecule have been characterized.