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991.
A general NMR method is presented that allows a precise determination of the second-order rate constant, k(ese), for the electron self-exchange in blue copper proteins, from the longitudinal relaxation rates of the nuclei in the protein. The method relies on the use of partly oxidized (paramagnetic) samples of the protein. In contrast to previous NMR approaches for the determination of electron self-exchange rates, the applicability of the method extends beyond the slow-exchange limit, k(ese)c < R(ip), i = 1, 2, where c is the protein concentration, and R(ip) is the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement of the observed nuclei. 相似文献
992.
993.
Many active organic compounds and organic effect materials are poorly soluble in water, or even insoluble. Aqueous forms of application thus require special formulation techniques to utilize or optimize the physiological (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, plant protection, nutrition) or technical (varnishes, printing inks, toners) action. The most interesting properties of nanodispersions of active organic compounds and effect materials include the impressive increase in solubility, the improvement in biological resorption, and the modification of optical, electrooptical, and other physical properties which are achievable only with particle sizes in the middle or lower nanometer range (50-500 nm). Hence in addition to economic and ecological constraints there are also technical demands which appear to urgently require the development of new processes for the production of organic nanoparticles as alternatives to the established mechanical milling processes. In this context attention is drawn to the recent increase in research activities which have as their objective the continuous, automatic preparation of nanodispersed systems by precipitation from molecular solution. In this review the current state of knowledge of the fundamentals of particle formation from homogeneous solution and the effect of solvent and polymer additives on the morphology and supramolecular structure of the nanoparticle will be discussed. The practical implementation of this new formulation technology will be explored in detail for the carotenoids, a class of compounds of both physiological and technical interest. 相似文献
994.
Jonathan S. Schulze Timothy P. Lodge Christopher W. Macosko Jens Hepperle Helmut Münstedt Heike Bastian Dino Ferri David J. Groves Yong Hoon Kim Mike Lyon Thomas Schweizer Terry Virkler Erik Wassner Wim Zoetelief 《Rheologica Acta》2001,40(5):457-466
The transient uniaxial extensional viscosity η
e
of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) has been measured using the commercial Rheometric Scientific RME and the Münstedt
Tensile Rheometer in an effort to compare the performance of available extensional rheometers. The RME indicated a significant
strain hardening of the LLDPE, especially at a strain rate of 1 s−1. In contrast, the Münstedt rheometer showed the LLDPE to be only slightly strain hardening. This artificial strain hardening
effect in the RME resulted from the strain rate applied to the sample, determined from the sample deformation, being up to
20% less than the set strain rate. These results initiated a round-robin experiment in which the same LLDPE was tested on
several RMEs in various locations around the world. All but one of the RMEs indicated a deviation between set and applied
strain rates of at least 10%, especially at strain rates above 0.1 s−1. The strain rate deviation was found to depend strongly on the value of the basis length L
0
, and may result from the upper pair of belts not properly gripping the sample during extension. Thus visual inspection of
the sample deformation is necessary to determine the applied strain rate. The most accurate measurements of η
e
with respect to the strain rate deviation were obtained when the correct L
0
value and belt arrangement were used. A list of recommendations for running an RME test is provided. Future work focusing
on the fluid mechanics during the test may identify fully the cause of the strain rate deviation, but from a practical point
of view the problem can be corrected for in the determination of η
e
.
Received: 27 September 2000/Accepted: 5 February 2001 相似文献
995.
In this paper an optimal control problem for polymer crystallization is investigated. The crystallization is described by a non–isothermal Avrami–Kolmogorov model. The boundary temperature serves as control variable. The cost functional takes the spatial variation of the crystallinity and the final degree of crystallization into account. The resulting boundary control problem for a parabolic equation coupled with two ordinary differential equations is treated by an adjoint variable approach. Numerical simulations are carried out for different scenarios to illustrate the applicability and performance of the optimization algorithm. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
996.
Andreas Nocke Marcus Wolf Helmut Budzier Jens Monch Karl-Friedrich Arndt Gerald Gerlach 《Macromolecular Symposia》2007,254(1):409-413
Summary: The fabrication of a self supporting novolac-based photoresist layer is demonstrated. A technology is presented using a sacrificial layer of PMMA and a carrier layer of photosensitive PI. The solely use of polymers for the creation of a self-supporting structure is distinguished by simple processing and relatively low cost materials. Additionally the mechanical stability of the self-supporting layer is under consideration. Finally the cross-linking process of the novolac-based photoresist by curing is discussed using FTIR, DSC and TGA measurements. 相似文献
997.
998.
The flow around bridge structures is a recent research topic, given the significance of bridges as basic engineering infrastructures.
This study investigates the internal flow features around circular bridge piers by Particle Image Velocimetry applied both in the horizontal and vertical planes and therefore allowing for a quasi-spatial visualization of the velocity
field. The temporal evolution of the vertical deflected flow at the pier front and the horseshoe vortex inside the increasing
scour hole were explored resulting in the velocity and vorticity profiles. This work, therefore, provides novel insight into
the complex and fascinating two-phase flow around circular bridge piers placed in loose sediment and provides an experimental
data basis for advanced numerical simulation. 相似文献
999.
Jens Wintermayr 《PAMM》2016,16(1):885-886
We give a definition for positivity on an extrapolation space for positive strongly continuous semigroups. We prove a perturbation result on AM spaces for positive semigroups by positive operators. Finally, we give an example for this kind of perturbations. (© 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
1000.
The M.E.S.S. software suite for solving large scale matrix equations and related problems is the successor of the obsolete LyaPack MATLAB® toolbox. The software suite consists of a new MATLAB toolbox and a separate C library C-M.E.S.S. which works independent from MATLAB. Due to the fact that many scientists use Python with NumPy and SciPy for their computations, we want to provide the key algorithms of M.E.S.S. there as well. In this paper, we describe and compare two possible approaches for the implementation, with special focus on their multicore performance. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献