Die Reaktion von wässerigem Epichlorhydrin mit Hydroxid- und Phenolat-Ionen

The reactions of epichlorhydrin with hydroxide and phenolate ions in water are shown to proceed by the same mechanism as the reactions of other epoxides with nucleophilic reagents, and not by direct attack on the halogen-substituted carbon. The effect of solvent composition on the linear free energy correlations, like the equation of SWAIN & SCOTT , is discussed on the basis of recent literature data.     

Separation of aromatic compounds on pellicular anion-exchange resins

Aromatic compounds including phenols, carboxylic acids and aldehydes, can be rapidly separated on pellicular anion-exchange resins in the acetate form by elution with a sodium acetate solution. Like the aromatic carboxylic acids, hydroxybenzaldehydes are held as counter ions in the resin. The affinity of the resin for corresponding anions as well as that for sorbed non-electrolytes is largely influenced by the aromatic ring and non-polar aliphatic substituents. Formation of hydrogen bonds between the resin and phenolic groups is less important.     

Volumetric determination of Pt(IV) in the presence of Ir,Pd, and Rh with ferrous ammonium sulfate in alkaline mannitol medium

A potentiometric reductimetric method for the determination of platinum (Pt(IV)Pt(II)) with a standard Fe(II) solution in an alkaline medium of mannitol is described. The method, the error of which does not exceed 2%, can be used in the presence of palladium, iridium, and rhodium.     

Tuning of the alpha-terthiophene radical cation coupling reaction using mixed micelles with varying charge density.

The photophysics and photochemistry of alpha-terthiophene (alphaT), compartmentalized in mixed nonionic/anionic micelles, have been investigated with focus on the influence of the micellar surface charge density on the formation of the radical coupling product alpha-hexathiophene (alphaH). By varying the ratio of nonionic-to-anionic surfactants, and assuming ideal mixing, the charge density of the mixed micelles was varied. From Poisson-Boltzmann calculations, performed using the cell model, the electrostatic potential and the counterion activity were estimated as a function of the distance from the micellar surface. Upon excitation, the triplet state of alphaT is formed, from which the alphaT radical cation can be formed by absorption of a second photon. The radical cation can form alphaH if it encounters another alphaT radical cation. Under the experimental conditions used, this implies that the alphaH formation only occurs if the compartmentalized radical cation is able to migrate from its host micelle to another micelle, either via the surrounding bulk or by fusion of two micelles followed by mixing of their contents before micellar fission. The formation yield of the radical cation depends on the charge density of the mixed micelle; a lower charge density, that is, an increased amount of nonionic surfactant, lowers the yield. The yield of the coupling product alphaH, however, does not follow the same trend. A maximum yield of alphaH is found at intermediate nonionic surfactant molar ratios. This behavior is understood in terms of the Poisson-Boltzmann simulation results and by comparing charge-density changes as a function of molar fraction with the changes in counterion activity. The alphaH yield is a result of the balance between an increased possibility of radical cation bulk migration and a lowered electrostatic stabilization of the radical.     

A simple laboratory generator for low concentrations of sulphur dioxide

The generator is based on permeation of sulphur dioxide through silicone rubber tubes immersed in a buffered, thermostated solution of sodium hydrogensulphite. The generator contains three (or more) permeation tubes of different lengths immersed simultaneously in the generation solution. The tubes can be connected stepwise to the carrier gas source, so that three (or more) different concentrations of SO₂ in the carrier gas can be obtained from a single solution. The tested generator produced 1.25–25.4 ng s^?1 SO₂, depending on the hydrogensulphite concentration in the solution. Long-term stability was tested for the production of 10.49 ng s^?1 over 50 h; the relative standard deviation was 1.57%. The experimental conditions affecting the production of SO₂ are discussed. An equation is derived for estimating the SO₂ production for various solution compositions and surface areas of the permeation tubes.     

Vergleich zwischen dem dielektrischen und dem mechanischen Relaxationsverhalten

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund theoretischer Überlegungen ist es bei der Bestimmung des Relaxationsverhaltens hochpolymerer Stoffe bei verschiedenen Beanspruchungsarten sinnvoll, zur Bestimmung der Relaxationszeiten die Maxima der Imaginärteile der elastischen Moduln und der reziproken Dielektrizitätskonstanten auszuwerten und die in Abhängigkeit von der Frequenz bei konstanter Temperatur gemessenen Dispersionskurven in die Anteile der Hauptund Nebendispersionsgebiete zu zerlegen. Durch Anwendung dieses Verfahrens auf die an Polyvinylchlorid gewonnenen Ergebnisse wird nachgewiesen, daß bei diesem Stoff die mechanisch und dielektrisch gemessenen Relaxationszeiten identisch sind und daß somit die vonThurn undWolf (1) vorgeschlagene Deutung der Unterschiede zwischen mechanischem und dielektrischem Relaxationsverhalten keine allgemeine Gültigkeit hat. Ein verbessertes Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit und der Ultraschalldämpfung in hochpolymeren Stoffen wird angegeben.     

Note on a theoretical interpretation of the isotopic ratio vOH/vOD versus vOH in isotopically diluted HDO molecules in solid hydrates

A simple intra- and inter-molecular potential for water molecules engaged in hydrogen bonding has been used in a one-dimensional approximation for a theoretical interpretation of the experimental correlation $\text{v}$_OH/$\text{v}$_OD versus $\text{v}$_OH in solid hydrates. The variation in the equilibrium OH(D) distance has also been considered.     

Highly enantioselective organocatalytic addition of unmodified aldehydes to N-Boc protected imines: one-pot asymmetric synthesis of β-amino acids

Highly enantioselective catalytic routes to Boc protected β-amino aldehydes, β-amino acids and γ-amino alcohols are presented. The organocatalytic asymmetric reactions between unmodified aldehydes and N-Boc protected aryl imines proceed with excellent chemo- and enantioselectivities to give the corresponding compounds in high yields with up to >19:1 dr and 93% to >99% ee.     

Determination of mercury in seafood by flow injection-cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion: NMKL interlaboratory study. Nordic Committee on Food Analysis

Ten laboratories participated in an interlaboratory method-performance (collaborative) study of a method for the determination of mercury in foods of marine origin by flow injection-cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry after wet digestion using a microwave oven technique. The study was preceded by a training round of samples of known identity. The method was tested on a total of 7 seafood products: blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), cod muscle (Gadus morhua), crab (Cancer pagurus), scampi (Nephrops norwegicus), black scabbard fish (Aphnopus carbo), longnose velvet dogfish (Centroscymus crepidater), and Portuguese dogfish (Cenbroscymus coelolepis) with mercury concentrations of 0.14, 0.24, 0.35, 0.59,11.42, 4.2, and 13.2 microg/g, respectively. The materials were presented to the participants in the study as blind duplicates, and the participants were asked to perform single determinations on each sample. Repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) for mercury ranged from 2.4 to 14.0%. Reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 7.7 to 16.6%. HORRAT values for all samples were <1.0.     

Versatile solid-phase synthesis of secondary amines from alcohols. Development of an N-Boc-(o-nitrobenzene)sulfonamide linker

The development of a versatile amine releasing linker based on the modified o-nitrobenzene sulfonamide protective group is described. This new N-Boc-o-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (Boc-ONBS) linker enables the elaboration on resin of primary and secondary amines by sequential substitution of the sulfonamide moiety using the Mitsunobu reaction. A 16-member array of secondary and Boc protected primary amines was then prepared using this linker.