Needle Variations and Almost Lower Semicontinuous Differential Inclusions

It is shown that the construction of needle variations can be carried out for almost lower semicontinuous differential inclusions rather than for the case of ordinary single-valued continuously differentiable vector fields usually considered in the literature. The construction leads to needle variations whose flows are in general set-valued but still have good differentiability properties. The variations are constructed by using single-valued selections that are not necessarily continuous with respect to the state variable, but have instead a much weaker 'integral continuity' property, somewhat more general that the 'directional continuity' considered in previous work by A. Cambini and S. Querci, A. Pucci, and A. Bressan. The existence of many such selections is proved by slightly adapting an argument due to Bressan, extending it from the lower semicontinuous to the almost lower semicontinuous case, and strengthening it to yield not only directional continuity at all points but also full continuity at a specified point.     

Holonomy and path structures in general relativity and Yang-Mills theory

This article is about a different representation of the geometry of the gravitational field, one in which the paths of test bodies play a crucial role. The primary concept is the geometry of the motion of a test body, and the relation between different such possible motions. Space-time as a Lorentzian manifold is regarded as a secondary construct, and it is shown how to construct it from the primary data. Some technical problems remain. Yang-Mills fields are defined by their holonomy in an analogous construction. I detail the development of this idea in the literature, and give a new version of the construction of a bundle and connection from holonomy data. The field equations of general relativity are discussed briefly in this context.     

One-dimensional non-nearest-neighbor random walks in the presence of traps

A one-dimensional lattice random walk in the presence ofm equally spaced traps is considered. The step length distribution is a symmetric exponential. An explicit analytic expression is obtained for the probability that the random walk will be trapped at thejth trapping site.     

Structure of norbornene-fused 3,1-oxazine double cycloadducts

Pentacyclic isoxazolines were obtained by the cycloaddition of benzonitrile oxide to norbornene-azetidinone-fused 3,1-oxazines. The constitutions of two of the isomers obtained, and the configurations and conformations of all products, were determined by means of ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and DNOE experiments.     

Galactic model of element formation

A cosmological model is presented that produces He, C, O, D, Li, Be, and B in their observed abundances without a Big Bang. The elements are produced during the 1.5-Gy formation period of a galaxy, with C, O, and other heavy elements produced by stars of M>12 M₃ , He by stars of 6 M_s<M<12 M_s, and D, Li, Be, and B by cosmic-ray reactions in a nearly pure H plasma halo. Thus, the model shows that the major elements used in astrophysical studies can be produced during galactic formation by exactly the same processes known to function today at much lower rates     

The Gaussian cotype of operators fromC(K)

We show that the canonical embeddingC(K) →L _Φ(μ) has Gaussian cotypep, where μ is a Radon probability measure onK, and Φ is an Orlicz function equivalent tot ^p(logt) ^p/2 for larget.     

Influence of exciton-exciton interaction with spin paired charge carriers and exciton-lattice interaction on the surface properties of crystalline solids

Applying tight-binding approximation and spin pairing of like charge carriers in a pair of excitons created in a lattice, the possibility of forming a bound exciton-exciton state is studied. It is found that, provided there exists strong exciton-lattice interaction, such a bound state may be formed and its energy may lie within the valence band deforming the material into a crystalline solid with no energy gap. Lowering of the energy is calculated in naphthalene and anthracene crystals where some experimental results are known. The excess energy released after the formation of such bound state can be adequate, depending on the material, to desorb neutral atoms or eject of electrons from surfaces.     

A decomposition theorem for convexity spaces

We utilize the unifying framework of families of convexity spaces for the treatment of various notions of planar convexity and the associated convex hulls. Our major goal is to prove the refinement and decomposition theorems for families of convexity spaces. These general theorems are then applied to two examples: restricted-oriented convex sets andNESW-convex sets. The applications demonstrate the usefulness of these general theorems, since they give rise to simple algorithms for the computation of the associated convex hulls of polygons.