Free energy simulations are an established computational tool in modelling chemical change in the condensed phase. However, sampling of kinetically distinct substates remains a challenge to these approaches. As a route to addressing this, we link the methods of thermodynamic integration (TI) and swarm‐enhanced sampling molecular dynamics (sesMD), where simulation replicas interact cooperatively to aid transitions over energy barriers. We illustrate the approach by using alchemical alkane transformations in solution, comparing them with the multiple independent trajectory TI (IT‐TI) method. Free energy changes for transitions computed by using IT‐TI grew increasingly inaccurate as the intramolecular barrier was heightened. By contrast, swarm‐enhanced sampling TI (sesTI) calculations showed clear improvements in sampling efficiency, leading to more accurate computed free energy differences, even in the case of the highest barrier height. The sesTI approach, therefore, has potential in addressing chemical change in systems where conformations exist in slow exchange. 相似文献
Recently, a traditional remedy (Joshanda) has been replaced largely by modern ready-to-use dosage forms, which have not been compared to the original remedy. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare a number of modern dosage forms with traditional remedy. Seven brands, 3 batches each, were compared with a Lab-made formulation with reference to analytical (proximate analyses, spectroscopic and chromatographic metabolomes) and pharmacological profiles (anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities). Chemical and pharmacological differences were found between Lab-made Joshanda and modern dosage forms. Such variations were also found within the brands and batches of modern formulations (p < 0.05). The Lab-made Joshanda showed significantly higher pharmacological activities as compared to modern brands (p ). The results of the present study indicate that modern dosage forms are unstandardised and less effective than the traditional remedy. Characteristic profiles obtained from Lab-made Joshanda may be used as reference to produce comparable dosage forms. 相似文献
Multimode chromatographic separations are highly desirable in pharmaceutical and environmental sciences. Current study deals with the application of newly developed mixed-mode end capped-immobilized humic acid onto an aminopropyl silica based chromatographic column for separation and identification of six drugs belonging to different therapeutic groups for its applicability in pharmaceutical industries. For this, central composite design was used to evaluate the separation and resolution by optimization of three most effective parameters (acetonitrile%, flow rate, and pH of mobile phase). Second-order quadratic model was used to evaluate their effect on resolution of peaks; the probability value (<0.05) obtained from analysis of variance suggested the best applicability of the model. Desirability function was applied to calculate optimum conditions (44.8% acetonitrile, 1.75 mL/min of flow rate, and 7.5 pH) required to achieve maximum separation with good resolution within 11 min. The method was validated for linearity, precision accuracy, selectivity, and sensitivity. The results revealed a highly precise (coefficient of variance > 1%), linear (R2 = 0.99), and highly selective method. Moreover, the limit of detection/quantification values revealed acceptable sensitivity of the method. The developed column was compared for its efficiency with a commercially available column and found to be highly applicable for industrial applications. 相似文献
Pre-sulphated pure and Ag doped TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by a modified low cost liquid impregnation method followed by acid (H2SO4) treatments. Surface and morphological characterizations of the prepared samples as well as their photocatalytic activity towards methyl orange (MO) were studied. The influence of sulphate pretreatment on the surface of pure TiO2, the dispersion of deposit metals and the particle size were analyzed for the samples exposed to different calcination temperature (i.e. 500, 600 and 700 °C) treatments. The physical characterizations of the photocatalysts were investigated using diffused reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS), XRD, BET, TEM, SEM and EDX analyses. The Kubelka–Munk function was used to determine the band gap energy for all prepared samples, whereby the band gap energy of pre-sulphated 1% Ag doped TiO2 was found to be reduced to 2.95 eV. Photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of MO was found to be enhanced between 30 and 37% for the 1% Ag/TiO2-S compared to the undoped TiO2-S samples. The pre-sulphated sample of 1% Ag/TiO2-S calcined at 700 °C showed up to 80% degradation of MO under normal compact fluorescent light.
We investigate the structure of codes over
rings with respect to the Rosenbloom-Tsfasman (RT) metric. We define a standard form generator matrix and show how we can
determine the minimum distance of a code by taking advantage of its standard form. We define MDR (maximum distance rank) codes
with respect to this metric and give the weights of the codewords of an MDR code. We explore the structure of cyclic codes
over
and show that all cyclic codes over
rings are MDR. We propose a decoding algorithm for linear codes over these rings with respect to the RT metric.
AMS Classification: 94B05, 94B60 相似文献
The methods of multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) are increasingly becoming the most desired tools for making daily decisions in various fields of human endeavors. Staff employment in any sector requires a thorough evaluation of the applicant before selection to ensure effective and efficient service delivery. Besides, healthcare is one of the most complicated organizations dealing with human lives. This paper has developed a staff selection model considering a fuzzy environment by using the technique for order preference similar to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) method. For the delivery and promotion of quality healthcare systems, medical staff selection is crucial to the system. Therefore, the study evaluates medical staff by using the expert''s linguistic judgement under the criteria of skill, experience and ability to respond to a problem. The expert''s vagueness in judgments has been represented by using fuzzy triangular numbers. The study determines the closeness coefficient, the measures of separation and the ideal solutions of the TOPSIS method. The most appropriate medical staff are ranked and selected based on the available criteria. The Fuzzy-TOPSIS method is simple and can help other organizations achieve proper ranking, evaluation and selection of qualified candidates, as it takes imprecise information into account. 相似文献