全文获取类型
收费全文 | 13614篇 |
免费 | 345篇 |
国内免费 | 36篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 9388篇 |
晶体学 | 33篇 |
力学 | 191篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
数学 | 2670篇 |
物理学 | 1712篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 110篇 |
2019年 | 113篇 |
2018年 | 84篇 |
2016年 | 250篇 |
2015年 | 230篇 |
2014年 | 294篇 |
2013年 | 503篇 |
2012年 | 387篇 |
2011年 | 419篇 |
2010年 | 316篇 |
2009年 | 306篇 |
2008年 | 422篇 |
2007年 | 388篇 |
2006年 | 408篇 |
2005年 | 360篇 |
2004年 | 348篇 |
2003年 | 328篇 |
2002年 | 344篇 |
2001年 | 239篇 |
2000年 | 218篇 |
1999年 | 154篇 |
1998年 | 149篇 |
1997年 | 171篇 |
1996年 | 174篇 |
1995年 | 166篇 |
1994年 | 167篇 |
1993年 | 190篇 |
1992年 | 179篇 |
1991年 | 161篇 |
1990年 | 166篇 |
1989年 | 182篇 |
1988年 | 179篇 |
1987年 | 174篇 |
1986年 | 153篇 |
1985年 | 272篇 |
1984年 | 234篇 |
1983年 | 160篇 |
1982年 | 202篇 |
1981年 | 181篇 |
1980年 | 243篇 |
1979年 | 227篇 |
1978年 | 231篇 |
1977年 | 263篇 |
1976年 | 207篇 |
1975年 | 193篇 |
1974年 | 157篇 |
1973年 | 210篇 |
1972年 | 115篇 |
1971年 | 113篇 |
1970年 | 95篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
141.
Hausner SH Striley CA Krause-Bauer JA Zimmer H 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2005,70(15):5804-5817
Dibenzotetraaza (DBTA) crown ethers possess two o-phenylenediamine moieties. They are homologues of dibenzo crown ether phase-transfer catalysts and were prepared from the condensation of benzimidazoles with oligo(ethyleneglycol) dichlorides and oligo(ethyleneglycol) ditosylates. Compounds with ring sizes ranging from 18-crown-6 to 42-crown-14 were prepared. In addition, various altered benzimidizoles were used to produce DBTA crown ethers with modified substituents and ether bridges, as well as benzimidazolidine crown ethers. The synthetic approach presented here proved to be a convenient route to a new family of crown ethers with overall yields of up to 48% based on the benzimidazole. Yields for the ring-closing step were generally high, ranging from 51% to 94%, without the need for high-dilution conditions. Reaction of the DBTA crown ethers with alkyl and benzyl halides was found to be a facile way to obtain the corresponding tetra(N-organyl) compounds. Picrate extraction studies were carried out to determine phase-transfer catalytic capabilities. Extraction efficiencies for alkali-metal ions were lower than those for dibenzo-18-crown-6. Efficiencies were higher for other metal ions, with some selectivity for Pb(2+). Tetra(N-methyl) DBTA-18-crown-6 generally exhibited higher extraction efficiencies than its N-H analogue, but the selectivity was lower. 相似文献
142.
Anders Thygesen Jette Oddershede Hans Lilholt Anne Belinda Thomsen Kenny Ståhl 《Cellulose (London, England)》2005,12(6):563-576
A comparative study of cellulose crystallinity based on the sample crystallinity and the cellulose content in plant fibres
was performed for samples of different origin. Strong acid hydrolysis was found superior to agricultural fibre analysis and
comprehensive plant fibre analysis for a consistent determination of the cellulose content. Crystallinity determinations were
based on X-ray powder diffraction methods using side-loaded samples in reflection (Bragg-Brentano) mode. Rietveld refinements
based on the recently published crystal structure of cellulose Iβ followed by integration of the crystalline and amorphous
(background) parts were performed. This was shown to be straightforward to use and in many ways advantageous to traditional
crystallinity determinations using the Segal or the Ruland–Vonk methods. The determined cellulose crystallinities were 90–100 g/100 g
cellulose in plant-based fibres and 60–70 g/100 g cellulose in wood based fibres. These findings are significant in relation
to strong fibre composites and bio-ethanol production. 相似文献
143.
Irradiation of in methanoi with λ 254 nm yields and as the main primary products which result from the excited singlet state hy initial cyclopropane bond homolysis, but no primary photosolvolysis products. 相似文献
144.
The NagR protein is a response regulatory protein found in the bacterium Ralstonia sp. U2 that is involved in sensing for salicylic acid and the subsequent induction of the operaon just upstream of its gene.
The genes encoded for in this operon are involved in the degradation of salicylic acid. Escherichia coli strain RFM443 carrying a fusion of the Photorhabdus luminesscens luxCDABE operon with the nagR gene and upstream region of the nagAa gene was constructed and characterized with respect to its optimum temperature, its response time and kinetics, and its ability
to deterctnumerous benzoic acid derivatives. Although capable of detecting 0.5 mM salicylic acid at any temperature between 28 and 40°C, this E. coli strain, labeled DNT5, showed its greatest relative activity at 30°C, i.e., the temperature at which the largest induction
was seen. Furthermore, experiments done with numerous benzoic acid derivatives found the NagR protein to be responsive to
only a few of the compounds tested, including salicylic acid and 3-methyl salicylic acid and 3-methyl saliyclic acid, and
acetyl salicylic acid was the strongest inducer. The lower limits of detection for these compounds with E. coli strain DNT5 were also established, wit the native inducer, salicylic acid, giving the most sensitive response and detectable
down to a concentration of about 2 μM. A second lux fusion plasmid was also constructed and transformed into an NahR background, Pseudomonas putida KCTC1768. Within this strain, NAGK-1768, the supplemental activity of the NahR protein on the nagAn promoter, was shown to extend both the range of chemicals detected and the sensitivity. 相似文献
145.
Jörg Fridgen Georg Eickerling Ana M. Santos 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》2004,689(17):2752-2761
Novel chiral 2′-pyridinyl alcohols derived from isopropylidene-protected carbohydrates are reported. They show different characteristics at the hydroxy group, but are all suitable ligands for chiral molybdenum(VI) complexes of the type MoO2L2 (L = chiral 2′-pyridinyl alcoholate). MoO2(acac)2 served as starting material in the complex syntheses. The structure of one ligand and one dioxo complex were exemplary established by X-ray crystallography. For catalytic runs in the enantioselective epoxidation catalysis trans-methylstyrene was used as model substrate, tert-butylhydroperoxide and cumolhydroperoxide, resp., as the oxidant. 相似文献
146.
Rapid addition of Grignard reagents to pyridine N-oxides under mild conditions gave stereodefined dienal oximes in good to excellent yields. This reaction provides an efficient access to substituted olefins with defined stereochemistry that are potentially of interest as bioactives themselves or as versatile synthetic intermediates. 相似文献
147.
Trennung und Nachweis von aliphatischen Dicarbons?uren und Hydroxys?uren mittels Gas-Chromatographie
Hans König 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1967,231(2):121-136
Zusammenfassung Die vollständige Auftrennung eines Gemisches von niederen gesättigten aliphatischen Dicarbonsäuren (Malonsäure bis Pimelinsäure) und natürlich vorkommenden Hydroxysäuren (Glykolsäure, Milchsäure, - und -Hydroxybuttersäure, Tartronsäure, Äpfelsäure, Weinsäuren und Citronensäure) sowie ihre Identifizierung mit Hilfe der Retentionsindices nach Kovats werden beschrieben. Dazu wurden die Säuren in methanolischer Lösung mit Diazomethan methyliert und die Methylester gas-chromatographisch auf einer polaren Säule (Äthylenglykolsuccinat) und einer unpolaren Säule (Silicongummi SE 52) bei Temperaturen zwischen 85 und 175°C getrennt. Die Struktur der bei der Methylierung der Weinsäuren auftretenden Nebenprodukte konnte nach ihrer gas-chromatographischen Trennung mit Hilfe der IR-Spektroskopie aufgeklärt werden. Die Beziehungen zwischen Retentionsindices und Molekülstruktur werden erläutert und graphisch dargestellt. Die Differenzen I
A der Retentionsindices, auf der polaren und der unpolaren Säule erhalten, werden angegeben und dienen zur Identifizierung der Säuren.
Für seine wertvolle Mitarbeit bei der Ausführung der gas-chromatographischen Arbeiten danke ich Herrn Walter Brühne und für ihre Mithilfe bei der IR-spektroskopischen Strukturaufklärung der Weinsäureester Fräulein Erika Walldorf herzlich. 相似文献
Summary The complete separation of a mixture of the lower-saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (malonic to pimelic acid) and of the naturally occurring hydroxycarboxylic acids (glycollic, lactic, - and -hydroxybutyric, tartronic, malic, tartaric and citric acids) and their identification by calculating the retention indices after Kovats are described. The methyl esters were prepared by adding an ethereal solution of diazomethane to the acids dissolved in methanol. The separation of the esters was achieved by gaschromatography on a polar column (EGS) and on a non-polar column (Silicone Rubber SE 52) with temperatures between 85–175° C. The structure of the by-products obtained with the normal esters of the tartaric acids was elucidated by means of IR-spectroscopy after separation by a gaschromatographic technique. The relationship between the retention indices after Kovats and the molecular structures are given. The differences I A between the retention indices on the polar and non-polar column are calculated and can be used to identify the different acids.
Für seine wertvolle Mitarbeit bei der Ausführung der gas-chromatographischen Arbeiten danke ich Herrn Walter Brühne und für ihre Mithilfe bei der IR-spektroskopischen Strukturaufklärung der Weinsäureester Fräulein Erika Walldorf herzlich. 相似文献
148.
Hans-Rudolf Waespe Heinz Heimgartner Hans Schmid Hans-Jürgen Hansen Henning Paul Hanns Fischer 《Helvetica chimica acta》1978,61(1):401-429
The photochemical reactions of different allyl aryl ethers (Scheme 3) were investigated in hydrocarbons (Chap. 3.1) and in alcoholic solvents (Chap. 3.2). The composition of the photoproducts depended very much on the nature of the solvent. Irradiation (3–95 h) of different methyl substituted allyl aryl ethers ( 1, 3, 5, 7 and 11 ) with a low pressure mercury lamp (λEmiss. = 254 nm; 6 or 15 Watt) under argon (quartz vessel) resulted in the formation of 2-, 3– and 4-substituted phenols, dienones and products of consecutive reactions (Tables 1–4 and 6). The results suggested that all products were formed by homolytic cleavage of the C? O bond in the singlet state of the ethers to intermediate radical-geminates (Scheme 5) followed by radical recombination of the two fragments. No products were formed by concerted processes (Table 5, Schemes 5 and 6). Upon irradiation of allyl aryl ethers lacking alkyl substituents at position 4 ( 1 and 5 ) in protic solvents, mainly 2- and 4-allylated phenols were obtained (Tables 1 and 4); 3-allylated phenols were formed only in small amounts (0.02%). However, in aromatic hydrocarbons or cyclohexane 3-allylated phenols were obtained from 1 , 5 and 11 in significant amounts (3–11%; Tables 1, 4 and 6). E.g., upon irradiation of allyl-2,6-dimethyl-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-one ( 6 ) besides 3- and 4-allyl-2, 6-dimethyl-phenol ( 23 and 24 ). Irradiation of 5 in methanol afforded 23 and 6 only in traces, whereas 24 was the main product. 相似文献
149.
Lead tetraacetate (LTA) oxidation of the allylic alcohols 1, 10, 14 and 19 leads to the formation of the epoxides 2, 11, 15 and 20 , products of a novel internal addition reaction of the electron deficient alcohol oxygen to the allylic double bond. In some cases ( 10, 14 ) the formation of a new type of acetoxylated enolethers ( 12, 16 ) is observed. The LTA oxidation of the allylic dienols 21 and 29 gives rise to the formation of the epoxyacetates 25 and 33 , products of a similar internal addition reaction. Furthermore, a variety of cyclization products ( 22, 23, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32 and 34 ) has been isolated whose formation requires an isomerisation of the allylic trans double bond to a cis one. 相似文献
150.