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61.
G. D. Elsdon J. R. Stubbs E. J. Bartholomew E. C. Raby T. Inouye D. N. Chatterji K. R. Ganguly M. Z. Faruqi L. van Itallie K. Plum D. C. Garratt R. Gager R. M. Mayer R. Berg St. Laguna H. Schönlebe F. Timm L. Servantie F. H. Goldman W. Neugebauer G. Jungmichel H. Schückle L. Pilati und W. Burkhardt 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1939,117(7-8):297-304
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
62.
63.
We study the strong coupling limit of U(N) or SU(N) gauge theories with fermions on a lattice. The integration over the gauge and fermion degrees of freedom is performed by analytic methods, leading to a partition function in terms of localized meson and baryon fields. A method for deriving a systematic expansion in the inverse of the space-time dimension of the corresponding Green functions is developed. It is applied to the study of spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry, which occurs for any U(N) or SU(N) theory with fermions in the fundamental representation. Meson and baryon spectra are then computed, and found to be in close agreement with those obtained by numerical methods at finite coupling. The pion decay constant is estimated. 相似文献
64.
D. J. Bartholomew 《The Journal of the Operational Research Society》1963,14(1):71-87
The following replacement problem is considered. N items, which are subject to failure, can be divided into two groups distinguished by the fact that the individual replacement cost in one group is higher than in the other. A strategy is required to minimize replacement costs. In some cases the cheapest policy is to replace each item, when it fails, by a new item. However, the paper shows that this policy can usually be improved upon by what is called a two-stage policy. In a two-stage policy the failures in one group are replaced by new items; those in the other group are replaced by items already operating in the first group. Under some circumstances it is shown to be worth while to create a second group. Formulae are given for calculating the optimum two-stage strategies for any life distribution, but the emphasis is on the formulation of general conditions under which two-stage schemes are preferable to simple replacement. Some extensions and generalizations are briefly indicated. 相似文献
65.
In this paper we introduce broccoli curves, certain plane tropical curves of genus zero related to real algebraic curves. The numbers of these broccoli curves through given points are independent of the chosen points — for arbitrary choices of the directions of the ends of the curves, possibly with higher weights, and also if some of the ends are fixed. In the toric Del Pezzo case we show that these broccoli invariants are equal to the Welschinger invariants (with real and complex conjugate point conditions), thus providing a proof of the independence of Welschinger invariants of the point conditions within tropical geometry. The general case gives rise to a tropical Caporaso–Harris formula for broccoli curves which suffices to compute all Welschinger invariants of the plane. 相似文献
66.
Hannah Schreyer Rene Eckert Sarah Immohr Jacopo deBellis Michael Felderhoff Ferdi Schüth 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,131(33):11384-11387
Supported catalysts are among the most important classes of catalysts. They are typically prepared by wet‐chemical methods, such as impregnation or co‐precipitation. Here we disclose that dry ball milling of macroscopic metal powder in the presence of a support oxide leads in many cases to supported catalysts with particles in the nanometer size range. Various supports, including TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and Co3O4, and different metals, such as Au, Pt, Ag, Cu, and Ni, were studied, and for each of the supports and the metals, highly dispersed nanoparticles on supports could be prepared. The supported catalysts were tested in CO oxidation, where they showed activities in the same range as conventionally prepared catalysts. The method thus provides a simple and cost‐effective alternative to the conventionally used impregnation methods. 相似文献
67.
Julian Tu Dennis Svatunek Saba Parvez Albert C. Liu Brian J. Levandowski Hannah J. Eckvahl Randall T. Peterson Kendall N. Houk Raphael M. Franzini 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,131(27):9141-9146
The isocyano group is a structurally compact bioorthogonal functional group that reacts with tetrazines under physiological conditions. Now it is shown that bulky tetrazine substituents accelerate this cycloaddition. Computational studies suggest that dispersion forces between the isocyano group and the tetrazine substituents in the transition state contribute to the atypical structure–activity relationship. Stable asymmetric tetrazines that react with isonitriles at rate constants as high as 57 L mol?1 s?1 were accessible by combining bulky and electron‐withdrawing substituents. Sterically encumbered tetrazines react selectively with isonitriles in the presence of strained alkenes/alkynes, which allows for the orthogonal labeling of three proteins. The established principles will open new opportunities for developing tetrazine reactants with improved characteristics for diverse labeling and release applications with isonitriles. 相似文献
68.
Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a nucleic acid amplification technique performed under isothermal conditions. The output of this amplification technique includes multiple different sizes of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structures which are identified by a banding pattern on gel electrophoresis plots. Although this is a specific amplification technique, the complexity of the primer design and amplification still lead to the issue of obtaining false‐positive results, especially when a positive reading is determined solely by whether there is any banding pattern in the gel electrophoresis plot. Here, we first performed extensive LAMP experiments and evaluated the DNA structures using microchip electrophoresis. We then developed a mathematical model derived from the various components that make up an entire LAMP structure to predict the full LAMP structure size in base pairs. This model can be implemented by users to make predictions for specific, DNA size dependent, banding patterns on their gel electrophoresis plots. Each prediction is specific to the target sequence and primers used and therefore reduces incorrect diagnosis errors through identifying true‐positive and false‐positive results. This model was accurately tested with multiple primer sets in house and was also translatable to different DNA and RNA types in previously published literature. The mathematical model can ultimately be used to reduce false‐positive LAMP diagnosis errors for applications ranging from tuberculosis diagnostics to E. coli to numerous other infectious diseases. 相似文献
69.
We describe a new synthesis that allows the preparation of oligo(p‐benzamide)s up to the heptamer on solid support without the need of semi‐temporary amide N‐protective groups. With increase in length, the solubility of oligo(p‐benzamide)s reduces dramatically. Even the tetra(p‐benzamide) is not soluble in common organic solvents. Therefore, solution syntheses of oligomers beyond the tetramer are not feasible. As will be shown in this paper, solid supported synthesis allows the preparation of even longer oligomers (up to the heptamer) in good yields. The high dilution on the solid support is most likely responsible for their pseudo‐solution‐like reactivity and the prevention of aggregation. This procedure is a significant improvement of previous syntheses and an important tool for the rapid exploration of supramolecular rod–coil copolymers based on oligoaramides.
70.
Wurm F König HM Hilf S Kilbinger AF 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2008,130(18):5876-5877
A facile one-step procedure for hydrophobic modification and simultaneous TEM contrast enhancement via a regioselective olefin metathesis reaction using Grubbs' catalyst is presented. Polyether diblock copolymers were investigated, and both the chain ends of the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic block were hydrophobically modified. Modification of the hydrophilic block results in nonsymmetric supramolecular structures (Janus micelles) which self-assemble into larger hierarchically organized super-micelles. 相似文献