The motion of a non-uniform hydromagnetic shock wave

Sommaire Nous considérons un écoulement, unidimensionnel, non stationaire, non isentropique, d'un fluide parfait, parfaitement conducteur de l'électricité, soumis à l'action d'un champ magnétique pour une orientation transversale du champ et le mouvement non continu d'une onde de choc magnetohydrodynamique.

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This research was supported by a National Aeronautics and Space Administration general research grant to the University of Wisconsin.     

Nanosecond electric pulse-induced calcium entry into chromaffin cells

Electrically excitable bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were exposed to nanosecond duration electric pulses at field intensities ranging from 2 MV/m to 8 MV/m and intracellular calcium levels ([Ca(2+)](i)) monitored in real time by fluorescence imaging of cells loaded with Calcium Green. A single 4 ns, 8 MV/m pulse produced a rapid, short-lived increase in [Ca(2+)](i), with the magnitude of the calcium response depending on the intensity of the electric field. Multiple pulses failed to produce a greater calcium response than a single pulse, and a short refractory period was required between pulses before another maximal increase in [Ca(2+)](i) could be triggered. The pulse-induced rise in [Ca(2+)](i) was not affected by depleting intracellular calcium stores with caffeine or thapsigargin but was completely prevented by the presence of EGTA, Co(2+), or the L-type calcium channel blocker nitrendipine in the extracellular medium. Thus, a single nanosecond pulse is sufficient to elicit a rise in [Ca(2+)](i) that involves entry of calcium via L-type calcium channels.     

Exploring Effects of Protease Choice and Protease Combinations in Enzymatic Protein Hydrolysis of Poultry By-Products

A study of the effects of single and combined protease hydrolysis on myofibrillar versus collagenous proteins of poultry by-products has been conducted. The aim was to contribute with knowledge for increased value creation of all constituents of these complex by-products. A rational approach was implemented for selecting proteases exhibiting the most different activity towards the major protein-rich constituents of mechanically deboned chicken residue (MDCR). An initial activity screening of 18 proteases on chicken meat, turkey tendons and MDCR was conducted. Based on weight yield, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and SDS-PAGE, stem Bromelain and Endocut-02 were selected. Studies on hydrolysis of four different poultry by-products at 40 °C, evaluated by protein yield, SEC, and SDS-PAGE, indicate that the proteases’ selectivity difference can be utilized in tailor-making hydrolysates, enriched in either meat- and collagen-derived peptides or gelatin. Three modes of stem Bromelain and Endocut-02 combinations during hydrolysis of MDCR were performed and compared with single protease hydrolysis. All modes of the protease combinations resulted in a similar approximately 15% increase in product yield, with products exhibiting similar SEC and SDS-PAGE profiles. This shows that irrespective of the modes of combination, the use of more than one enzyme in hydrolysis of collagen-rich material can provide means to increase the total protein yield and ultimately contribute to increased value creation of poultry by-products.     

Synthesis of complex fused polycyclic heterocycles utilizing IMDAF reactions of allylamino- or allyloxy-furyl(hetero)arenes

Arenes and heteroarenes carrying a halogen and an amino- or hydroxy group have been converted to allylamino- or allyloxy-furyl-(hetero)arenes. These compounds underwent IMDAF reactions to give complex fused polycyclic heterocycles. The reactivity of the substrates was highly dependent on the detailed substitution pattern, however cyclizations occurred with high stereoselectivity in most cases. Experimental findings regarding reactivity and stereoselectivity were supported by calculations.     

Spontaneous generation of stable pnictinyl radicals from "jack-in-the-box" dipnictines: a solid-state, gas-phase, and theoretical investigation of the origins of steric stabilization

The molecular structures of the stable phosphinyl and arsinyl radicals, .PnR(2) [Pn = P (2); As (4); R = CH(SiMe(3))(2)], have been determined by gas-phase electron diffraction (GED) in conjunction with ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The X-ray crystal structures of the corresponding dipnictines, the "dimers", R(2)PnPnR(2) [Pn = P (1), As (3)], and the chloro derivatives R(2)PnCl [Pn = P (5), As (6)] have also been determined. Collectively, these structural investigations demonstrate that large distortions of the ligands attached to Pn occur when the pnictinyl radicals unite to form the corresponding dipnictine dimers. Principally, it is the shape and flexibility of the CH(SiMe(3))(2) ligands that permit the formation of the P-P and As-As bonds in 1and 3, respectively. However, theoretical studies indicate that in the process of pnictinyl radical dimerization to form 1 and 3, both molecules accumulate substantial amounts of potential energy and are thus primed to spring apart upon release from the solid state by melting, dissolution, or evaporation. The insights gleaned from these unusual systems have permitted a deeper understanding of the functioning of sterically demanding substituents.     

A combinatorial scaffold approach based upon a multicomponent reaction

A combinatorial scaffolding procedure for the synthesis and spatial arrangement of tripartite structures was developed. [reaction: see text]     

The propagation of magnetohydrodynamic simple waves

Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine neue Lösung für die Fortpflanzung schneller und langsamer magnetohydrodynamischer einfacher Wellen. Die Untersuchungen enthalten gewisse bekannte gasdynamische Ergebnisse als Spezialfälle.     

Steady flow of a finitely conducting compressible fluid

Résumé Pour illustrer les effets d'un champ magnétique sur les écoulements plans et de révolution stationnaire d'un fluide non visqueux idéal, conducteur de l'électricité, on envisage ici les cas particuliers où le champ magnétique a une composante différente de zéro. On utilise l'analyse linéaire pour étudier les faibles perturbations d'un écoulement initialement uniforme.Nous considérons le mouvement, uniforme à l'infini amont, en présence d'une paroi rectiligne, à laquelle fait suite une paroi courbe (faible perturbation)_ et un profil mince.Nous étudions le problème dans le cas où le fluide n'est pas parfaitement conducteur. La solution s'obtient en prenant la transformée de Fourier.

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This research was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant GP-8719.