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681.
King GA Devine AL Nix MG Kelly DE Ashfold MN 《Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP》2008,10(42):6417-6429
The photodissociation of jet-cooled 4-, 3- and 2-methylphenol molecules has been investigated using the experimental techniques of resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation and H (Rydberg) atom photofragment translational spectroscopy. O-H bond fission is found to occur, via a repulsive (1)pisigma state, in a manner analogous to that occurring in phenol and 4-fluorophenol. Excitation to the (1)pipi manifold results in H-atom loss either directly (via a (1)pipi/(1)pisigma conical intersection) or indirectly, following internal conversion to the ground state and subsequent coupling to the (1)pisigma state via a second conical intersection at extended O-H bond lengths. The resulting methylphenoxyl radicals are created with specific vibrational excitation, reflecting the nuclear distortions required to access the (1)pisigma potential energy surface and the geometry changes induced by subsequent H atom loss. The position of the methyl group on the benzene ring is observed to influence the product vibrational energy disposal-not least through its influence on the mode(s) that are activated as a result of coupling to the repulsive (1)pisigma state. O-H bond strengths are reported for 4-, 3- and 2-methylphenol. These are in good agreement with values derived from recent combustion calorimetry studies and serve to highlight the relative destabilisation of the radical caused by methyl substitution at the 3-position. 相似文献
682.
Uddin MN Begum N Hassan MR Hogarth G Kabir SE Miah MA Nordlander E Tocher DA 《Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)》2008,(44):6219-6230
The synthesis and reactivity of the thiophyne and furyne clusters [Ru3(CO)7(mu-dppm)(mu3-eta2-C4H2E)(mu-P(C4H3E)2)(mu-H)] (E = S, O) is reported. Addition of P(C4H3E)3 to [Ru3(CO)10(mu-dppm)] (1) at room temperature in the presence of Me3NO gives simple substitution products [Ru3(CO)9(mu-dppm)(P(C4H3E)3)] (E = S, 2; E = O, 3). Mild thermolysis in the presence of further Me3NO affords the thiophyne and furyne complexes [Ru3(CO)7(mu-dppm)(mu3-eta2-C4H2E)(mu-P(C4H3E)2)(mu-H)] (E = S, 4; E = O, 6) resulting from both carbon-hydrogen and carbon-phosphorus bond activation. In each the C4H2E (E = S, O) ligand donates 4-electrons to the cluster and the rings are tilted with respect to the mu-dppm and the phosphido-bridged open triruthenium unit. Heating 4 at 80 degrees C leads to the formation of the ring-opened cluster [Ru3(CO)5(mu-CO)(mu-dppm)(mu3-eta3-SC4H3)(mu-P(C4H3S)2)] (5) resulting from carbon-sulfur bond scission and carbon-hydrogen bond formation and containing a ring-opened mu3-eta3-1-thia-1,3-butadiene ligand. In contrast, a similar thermolysis of 3 affords the phosphinidene cluster [Ru3(CO)7(mu-dppm)(mu3-eta2-C4H2O)(mu3-P(C4H3O))] (7) resulting from a second phosphorus-carbon bond cleavage and (presumably) elimination of furan. Treatment of 4 and 6 with PPh3 affords the simple phosphine-substituted products [Ru3(CO)6(PPh3)(mu-dppm)(mu3-eta2-C4H2E)(mu-P(C4H3E)2)(mu-H)] (E = S, 8; E = O, 9). Both thiophyne and furyne clusters 4 and 6 readily react with hydrogen bromide to give [Ru3(CO)6Br(mu-Br)(mu-dppm)(mu3-eta2-eta1-C4H2E)(mu-P(C4H3E)2)(mu-H)] (E = S, 10; E = O, 11) containing both terminal and bridging bromides. Here the alkynes bind in a highly unsymmetrical manner with one carbon acting as a bridging alkylidene and the second as a terminally bonded Fisher carbene. As far as we are aware, this binding mode has only previously been noted in ynamine complexes or those with metals in different oxidation states. The crystal structures of seven of these new triruthenium clusters have been carried out, allowing a detailed analysis of the relative orientations of coordinated ligands. 相似文献
683.
Jonathan C. Burley Ryan Gilmour Timothy J. Prior Graeme M. Day 《Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry》2008,64(1):o10-o14
(S)‐1‐(Methylaminocarbonyl)‐3‐phenylpropanaminium chloride (S2·HCl), C10H15N2O+·Cl−, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with a single formula unit per asymmetric unit. (5R/S)‐5‐Benzyl‐2,2,3‐trimethyl‐4‐oxoimidazolidin‐1‐ium chloride (R3 and S3), C13H19N2O+·Cl−, crystallize in the same space group as S2·HCl but contain three symmetry‐independent formula units. (R/S)‐5‐Benzyl‐2,2,3‐trimethyl‐4‐oxoimidazolidin‐1‐ium chloride monohydrate (R4 and S4), C13H19N2O+·Cl−·H2O, crystallize in the space group P21 with a single formula unit per asymmetric unit. Calculations at the B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) and B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) levels of the conformational energies of the cation in R3, S3, R4 and S4 indicate that the ideal gas‐phase global energy minimum conformation is not observed in the solid state. Rather, the effects of hydrogen‐bonding and van der Waals interactions in the crystal structure cause the molecules to adopt higher‐energy conformations, which correspond to local minima in the molecular potential energy surface. 相似文献
684.
Graeme J. Gainsford M. Delower H. Bhuiyan Andrew J. Kay 《Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry》2008,64(11):o616-o619
The planar component of 2‐{3‐cyano‐4‐[3‐(1‐decyl‐1,4‐dihydroquinolin‐4‐ylidene)prop‐1‐enyl]‐5,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐2‐ylidene}malononitrile, C32H46N4O, (I), forms into layers parallel to the (01) plane. The larger of the two spaces between layers is filled by the alkyl chains, giving a `sandwich stack' appearance. The packing of 2‐{3‐cyano‐4‐[5‐(1‐decyl‐1,4‐dihydroquinolin‐4‐ylidene)penta‐1,3‐dienyl]‐5,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐2‐ylidene}malononitrile, C34H38N4O, (II), which has partial disorder in the 1‐decyl group, utilizes weak C—H...N, C—H...O and C—N...π interactions in a three‐dimensional `herring‐bone' array with molecular segments parallel to the (111) and (1) planes. Different rotational isomers with respect to the polyene chain and the 5,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐2‐ylidene link are observed in the two structures. The significance of the study lies in the delocalization of charge along the polyene chain and the supramolecular aggregation present, which highlight the difficulty in obtaining the noncentrosymmetric alignment required for high nonlinear optical (NLO) responses in zwitterionic chromophores. 相似文献
685.
Bullinger D Fux R Nicholson G Plontke S Belka C Laufer S Gleiter CH Kammerer B 《Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry》2008,19(10):1500-1513
The physiological response of the human body to several diseases can be reflected by the metabolite pattern in biological
fluids. Cancer, like other diseases accompanied by metabolic disorders, causes characteristic effects on cell turnover rate,
activity of modifying enzymes, and RNA/DNA modifications. This results in an altered excretion of modified nucleosides and
biochemically related compounds. In the course of our metabolic profiling project, we screened 24-h urine of patients suffering
from lung, rectal, or head and neck cancer for previously unknown ribosylated metabolites. Therefore, we developed a sample
preparation procedure based on boronate affinity chromatography followed by additional prepurification with preparative TLC.
The isolated metabolites were analyzed by ion trap mass spectrometry (IT MS) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
mass spectrometry (FTICR MS). IT MS was applied for LC-auto MS3 screening runs and MS
n(n=4–6) syringe pump infusion experiments, yielding characteristic fragmentation patterns. FTICR MS measurements enabled the calculation
of corresponding molecular formulae based on accurate mass determination (mass accuracy: 1–5 ppm for external and sub-ppm
values for internal calibration). We were able to identify 22 metabolites deriving from cellular RNA metabolism and related
metabolic pathways like histidine metabolism, purine biosynthesis, methionine/polyamine cycle, and nicotinate/nicotinamide
metabolism. The compounds 1-ribosyl-3-hydroxypyridinium, 1-ribosyl-pyridinium, and 3-ribosyl-1-methyl-l-histidinium as well as a series of ribosylated histamines, conjugated to carboxylic acids at the Nω-position were found as novel urinary constituents. The occurrence of the modified nucleosides 2-methylthio-N
6-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)-adenosine, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine, N
6-methyl-N
6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, and 2-methylthio-N
6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine in human urine is verified for the first time. 相似文献
686.
D Marrocchelli SR Bishop HL Tuller GW Watson B Yildiz 《Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP》2012,14(35):12070-12074
In this work, we demonstrate the mechanism by which electronic charge localization increases the chemical expansion coefficient in two model systems, CeO(2-δ) and BaCeO(3-δ). Using Density Functional Theory calculations, we predict that this coefficient is increased by more than 70% when charge is fully localized, consistent with the observation that materials with a smaller degree of charge localization have smaller chemical expansion coefficients. This finding has important consequences for devising materials with smaller chemical expansion coefficients and for the reliability of the widely-used Shannon's ionic radii. 相似文献
687.
Comba P Dovalil N Gahan LR Haberhauer G Hanson GR Noble CJ Seibold B Vadivelu P 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2012,18(9):2578-2590
Two synthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring cyclic pseudooctapeptides patellamide A-F and ascidiacyclamide, that is, H(4)pat(2), H(4)pat(3), as well as their Cu(II) complexes are described. These cyclic peptide derivatives differ from the naturally occurring macrocycles by the variation of the incorporated heterocyclic donor groups and the configuration of the amino acids connecting the heterocycles. The exchange of the oxazoline and thiazole groups by dimethylimidazoles or methyloxazoles leads to more rigid macrocycles, and the changes in the configuration of the side chains leads to significant differences in the folding of the cyclic peptides. These variations allow a detailed study of the various possible structural changes on the chemistry of the Cu(II) complexes formed. The coordination of Cu(II) with these macrocyclic species was monitored by high-resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), spectrophotometric (UV/Vis) and circular dichroic (CD) titrations, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular mechanics (MM) simulations have been used to model the structures of the Cu(II) complexes and provide a detailed understanding of their geometric preferences and conformational flexibility. This is related to the Cu(II) coordination chemistry and the reactivity of the dinuclear Cu(II) complexes towards CO(2) fixation. The variation observed between the natural and various synthetic peptide systems enables conclusions about structure-reactivity correlations, and our results also provide information on why nature might have chosen oxazolines and thiazoles as incorporated heterocycles. 相似文献
688.
Br?nsted plots for general-base-catalyzed enolization of aldehydes and ketones show significant negative deviations for the rates of proton removal by sterically hindered amine bases. The origins of the deviations are not apparent from considerations of interactions at the site of the proton transfer. Contrasting behavior is observed in general-base-catalyzed proton removal from an iminium derivative, N1'-methyl-2-(1-hydroxybenzyl)thiamin (NMHBnT), which shows no deviations from the Br?nsted correlation for sterically hindered amine bases. The difference in behavior for these two systems suggests that the steric effects arise from disruption of solvation of the enolate enforced by the electrostatic requirements of the overall process. This interpretation also can account for reduced steric effects for enolization in the presence of metal ions. 相似文献
689.
Lalehvash Moghaddam Llewellyn RintoulPeter J. Halley Graeme A. GeorgePeter M. Fredericks 《Polymer Testing》2012,31(1):155-163
The graft copolymerisation of maleic anhydride (MAH) onto polypropylene (PP) has been studied in situ by interfacing a laboratory scale mini-extruder/processor with a near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer via a fibre optic link. Apparent viscosity was measured simultaneously with the NIR spectra. The graft reaction was carried out at several temperatures with and without the initiator, dicumyl peroxide (DCP). Analysis of the NIR spectra showed the reaction to be first order with respect to MAH, and that the graft reaction rate was not affected by the presence of DCP. However, DCP caused a large increase in chain scission reactions leading to a dramatic drop in apparent viscosity. In the absence of DCP, scission reactions occurred at a slower rate and the apparent viscosity remained steady, after an initial drop, for about 15 min during the early part of the reaction. We suggest that a possible explanation for this might be a “repair mechanism” involving the reaction of two PP macro-radicals with a single MAH moiety, thus maintaining the molecular weight. Once the concentration of MAH drops, this reaction becomes less significant and scission reactions dominate. 相似文献
690.
Sheikh NS Leonori D Barker G Firth JD Campos KR Meijer AJ O'Brien P Coldham I 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2012,134(11):5300-5308
A general and enantioselective synthesis of 2-substituted 2-phenylpyrrolidines and -piperidines, an important class of pharmaceutically relevant compounds that contain a quaternary stereocenter, has been developed. The approach involves lithiation-substitution of enantioenriched N-Boc-2-phenylpyrrolidine or -piperidine (prepared by asymmetric Negishi arylation or catalytic asymmetric reduction, respectively). The combined use of synthetic experiments and in situ IR spectroscopic monitoring allowed optimum lithiation conditions to be identified: n-BuLi in THF at -50 °C for 5-30 min. Monitoring of the lithiation using in situ IR spectroscopy indicated that the rotation of the tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) group is slower in a 2-lithiated pyrrolidine than a 2-lithiated piperidine; low yields for the lithiation-substitution of N-Boc-2-phenylpyrrolidine at -78 °C can be ascribed to this slow rotation. For N-Boc-2-phenylpyrrolidine and -piperidine, the barriers to rotation of the Boc group were determined using density functional theory calculations and variable-temperature (1)H NMR spectroscopy. For the pyrrolidine, the half-life (t(1/2)) for rotation of the Boc group was found to be ~10 h at -78 °C and ~3.5 min at -50 °C. In contrast, for the piperidine, t(1/2) was determined to be ~4 s at -78 °C. 相似文献