The pyrolysis of the lignocellulosic biomass is a promising process to produce biofuels or green chemicals. Specific analytical methods have to be developed in order to better understand the composition of biomass and of its pyrolysis products and therefore to optimize the design of pyrolysis processes. For this purpose, different biomasses (Douglas and Miscanthus) and one biochar were analyzed by laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LDI FT-ICR MS). This method allowed the biomass and biochar to be analyzed without any sample preparation and with a spatial resolution of about 100 μm. The influence of LDI conditions (laser wavelength and laser irradiance) and the nature of the biomass and biochar on the obtained mass spectrum were investigated. The nature and origin of the observed ions highly depended on LDI conditions. In the softest laser–biomass interaction conditions (low laser irradiance), the detected ions were related to the nature of the investigated biomass. Indeed, the main part of the detected species came from the different biomass subunits and was produced by photolysis of covalent bonds. When more severe laser irradiation conditions were used, the obtained mass spectra gathered the ions relative to (i) the chemical components of the investigated samples, (ii) the recombination products of these species in the gas phase after their ejection from the sample surface, and (iii) the compounds produced by laser pyrolysis of the sample. This was expected to be useful to mimic thermal pyrolysis.
A series of tripodal amidopyridine receptors capable of selective recognition of methylmethanetriacetic acid (MMTA) in organic solvents is described. Intramolecular hydrogen-bonding groups, built into some of the receptors, were designed as preorganization devices. Binding was studied by NMR titration, variable temperature NMR experiments, 2D-NMR, isothermal titration calorimetry, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The results reveal that a balancing act between inter- and intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions in the complexes governs both the dynamics and the geometry of binding. Receptor 1b (without intramolecular hydrogen-bonding groups) features a simple symmetric MMTA binding geometry with optimal enthalpic interactions. In sharp contrast, receptor 1a (with intramolecular hydrogen-bonding groups) reveals a temperature-dependent dual binding mode where MMTA can bind in two completely different geometries. The two solution binding geometries of 1a.MMTA were unraveled by NMR experiments and correlated to the X-ray structures. 相似文献
Summary Answering a question of Voiculescu [16, Problem 5.9], we show thatC*-algebras having filtrations (An)n satisfying the condition lim supn ln dimAn/n=0 (in particular having subexponential growth), are nuclear.For the case of linear growth we obtain the following particular result: letX be a finite dimensional self-adjoint generating system of aC*-algebraA such that dim (span (Xn+1))1+dim (span (Xn)), then there exist a finite dimensionalC*-algebraC having only irreducible representations of dimension 1
and aC*-algebraB, which is generated by a single self-adjoint element, such thatACB.Some other results are given on linear growth and we show that there exist singly generatedC*-algebras such that the growth of the filtration (span (Xn))n is polynomial, whereX={x,x*, 1} is a generating system, and such that in every neighbourhood ofx there exists an invertibley such thatY={1,y,y*} is a generating system whose associated filtration (span (Yn))n doesn't satisfy the previous condition of Voiculescu, and in particular does not have subexponential growth.Oblatum 19-X-1991Work partially supported by DFGAllocataire M.R.T., Université Aix-Marseille II (France) 相似文献
The pressure-induced Xe shifting and broadening coefficients for five lines of 12CH(3)D in the nu(3) band near 7.5 microm have been measured using a tunable diode-laser spectrometer. The frequency shift was determined from the simultaneous record of the Xe-broadened line and the same line of pure CH(3)D at low pressure. Comparisons are made with the results of theoretical calculations based on a semiclassical model involving the atom-atom Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential. 相似文献
N2-broadening coefficients have been measured for 41 lines of C2H4 at 173.2 K in the P, Q, and R branches of the ν7 fundamental band near 10 μm, using a tunable diode-laser spectrometer. These lines were individually fitted with a Voigt and a Rautian profile in order to determine their collisional widths. The resulting broadening coefficients, as well as those previously measured at room temperature for 35 transitions, are compared with values calculated on the basis of a semiclassical model of interacting linear molecules, using an atom-atom Lennard-Jones potential in addition to the electrostatic contributions. An overall satisfactory agreement is obtained for all the results at room and low temperatures. Finally the temperature dependence of the broadening coefficients has been determined through the temperature exponent n, experimentally for the 23 common transitions as well as theoretically for all the studied transitions. 相似文献