全文获取类型
收费全文 | 9369篇 |
免费 | 189篇 |
国内免费 | 46篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 6021篇 |
晶体学 | 91篇 |
力学 | 302篇 |
数学 | 1720篇 |
物理学 | 1470篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 97篇 |
2020年 | 98篇 |
2019年 | 81篇 |
2018年 | 71篇 |
2017年 | 66篇 |
2016年 | 148篇 |
2015年 | 137篇 |
2014年 | 159篇 |
2013年 | 555篇 |
2012年 | 377篇 |
2011年 | 480篇 |
2010年 | 267篇 |
2009年 | 242篇 |
2008年 | 483篇 |
2007年 | 449篇 |
2006年 | 444篇 |
2005年 | 435篇 |
2004年 | 342篇 |
2003年 | 327篇 |
2002年 | 357篇 |
2001年 | 148篇 |
2000年 | 134篇 |
1999年 | 102篇 |
1998年 | 95篇 |
1997年 | 120篇 |
1996年 | 147篇 |
1995年 | 87篇 |
1994年 | 106篇 |
1993年 | 109篇 |
1992年 | 111篇 |
1991年 | 104篇 |
1990年 | 101篇 |
1989年 | 83篇 |
1988年 | 94篇 |
1987年 | 96篇 |
1986年 | 72篇 |
1985年 | 160篇 |
1984年 | 155篇 |
1983年 | 130篇 |
1982年 | 141篇 |
1981年 | 156篇 |
1980年 | 150篇 |
1979年 | 126篇 |
1978年 | 137篇 |
1977年 | 139篇 |
1976年 | 124篇 |
1975年 | 110篇 |
1974年 | 115篇 |
1973年 | 111篇 |
1972年 | 67篇 |
排序方式: 共有9604条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
In Part II of this work, the equations of thermodynamics are employed in order to derive the exact evolution equations of the fabric tensors defined in Part I (companion paper). In this regard, a thermodynamic force that is associated with the fabric tensor is defined and utilized in the derivation of the evolution equations. A special case of uniaxial tension is solved in order to illustrate the theory.We also derive specific uncoupled equations for the evolution of the length and orientation of micro-cracks. In this regard, some interesting results are obtained. It is concluded that the micro-crack length and orientation cannot evolve simultaneously for the same set of micro-cracks. However, two different sets of micro-cracks may be considered in the same RVE where in one set the micro-crack length evolves, while in the second set the micro-crack orientation evolves. 相似文献
992.
Zerong Daniel Wang Meagan Hysmith Motoko Yoshida Ben George Perla Cristina Quintana 《International journal of quantum chemistry》2014,114(6):429-435
A benchmark comparison for different computational methods and basis sets has been presented. In this study, five computational methods (Hartree–Fock (HF), MP2, B3LYP, MPW1MP91, and PBE1PBE) along with 18 basis sets have been applied to optimize the geometry of carbon disulfide (CS2), and further calculate the vibrational frequencies of the optimized geometries. The differences between the calculated frequencies and corresponding experimental data are used to evaluate the efficiency of each combination of computational method and basis set. The comparison of frequency difference indicates that B3LYP generally gives the best prediction of frequencies for CS2, whereas the other two density functional theory (DFT) methods, i.e., MPW1PW91 and PBE1PBE, often give parallel results. Although MP2 predicts the frequencies with accuracy almost as good as those from DFT methods, in a particular case, HF calculation outperforms MP2 as well as MPW1PW91 and PBE1PBE for prediction of the frequency of asymmetrical stretching for CS2. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
993.
Zhen-Xing ZhangBaolin Wu Bin WangTie-Hai Li Peng-Fei ZhangLi-Na Guo Wen-jun WangWei Zhao Peng George Wang 《Tetrahedron letters》2011,52(29):3802-3804
A novel and facile synthesis of a series of the biologically significant iminosugar derivatives including 2-deoxynojirimycin, Miglustat and Miglitol is reported. The synthesis features a strategic double inversion mechanism for securing the desired stereochemistry at C5 position of such glucose-type carbohydrate mimetics, representing a practical and remarkable improvement on the previously reported method that suffers from the loss of the stereo-control during the reaction process. 相似文献
994.
A biomimetic synthesis of the triterpene (±)-perovskone was achieved featuring a remarkable polycyclization process in which three rings, four bonds, and five stereocenters were created in a single operation in 82% yield. This convergent synthesis required 16 steps, starting from vanillin, and proceeded in 9% overall yield. A second route to prepare optically active quinone 2 took 15 steps in 36% overall yield and featured a palladium-catalyzed reductive allylic transposition to establish the C-5 chirality stereospecifically. Quinone (−)-2 was converted to (+)-perovskone (1) via a polycyclization cascade, which created four rings, five bonds, and six stereocenters in a single operation in 50% yield. 相似文献
995.
Microgel applications and commercial considerations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Joanna B. Thorne George J. Vine Martin J. Snowden 《Colloid and polymer science》2011,289(5-6):625-646
996.
Lee A Tang SK Mace CR Whitesides GM 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2011,27(18):11560-11574
This article describes the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to examine the influence of different cations (C(+); C(+) = Na(+) and tetra-n-alkylammonium, NR(4)(+), where R = Me, Et, Pr, and Bu) on the rates of denaturation of bovine carbonic anhydrase II (BCA) in the presence of anionic surfactant dodecylsulfate (DS(-)). An analysis of the denaturation of BCA in solutions of Na(+)DS(-) and NR(4)(+)DS(-) (in Tris-Gly buffer) indicated that the rates of formation of complexes of denatured BCA with DS(-) (BCA(D)-DS(-)(n,sat)) are indistinguishable and independent of the cation below the critical micellar concentration (cmc) and independent of the total concentration of DS(-) above the cmc. At concentrations of C(+)DS(-) above the cmc, BCA denatured at rates that depended on the cation; the rates decreased by a factor >10(4) in the order of Na(+) ≈ NMe(4)(+) > NEt(4)(+) > NPr(4)(+) > NBu(4)(+), which is the same order as the values of the cmc (which decrease from 4.0 mM for Na(+)DS(-) to 0.9 mM for NBu(4)(+)DS(-) in Tris-Gly buffer). The relationship between the cmc values and the rates of formation of BCA(D)-DS(-)(n,sat()) suggested that the kinetics of denaturation of BCA involve the association of this protein with monomeric DS(-) rather than with micelles of (C(+)DS(-))(n). A less-detailed survey of seven other proteins (α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin A, β-lactoglobulin B, carboxypeptidase B, creatine phosphokinase, myoglobin, and ubiquitin) showed that the difference between Na(+)DS(-) and NR(4)(+)DS(-) observed with BCA was not general. Instead, the influence of NR(4)(+) on the association of DS(-) with these proteins depended on the protein. The selection of the cation contributed to the properties (including the composition, electrophoretic mobility, and partitioning behavior in aqueous two-phase systems) of aggregates of denatured protein and DS(-). These results suggest that the variation in the behavior of NR(4)(+)DS(-) with changes in R may be exploited in methods used to analyze and separate mixtures of proteins. 相似文献
997.
Biosynthesis of iron and silver nanoparticles at room temperature using aqueous sorghum bran extracts 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Njagi EC Huang H Stafford L Genuino H Galindo HM Collins JB Hoag GE Suib SL 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2011,27(1):264-271
Iron and silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a rapid, single step, and completely green biosynthetic method employing aqueous sorghum extracts as both the reducing and capping agent. Silver ions were rapidly reduced by the aqueous sorghum bran extracts, leading to the formation of highly crystalline silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 10 nm. The diffraction peaks were indexed to the face-centered cubic (fcc) phase of silver. The absorption spectra of colloidal silver nanoparticles showed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak centered at a wavelength of 390 nm. Amorphous iron nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50 nm were formed instantaneously under ambient conditions. The reactivity of iron nanoparticles was tested by the H(2)O(2)-catalyzed degradation of bromothymol blue as a model organic contaminant. 相似文献
998.
George A Maijenburg AW Maas MG Blank DH ten Elshof JE 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2011,27(19):12235-12242
A simple and cost-effective methodology for large-area micrometer-scale patterning of a wide range of metallic and oxidic functional materials is presented. Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of alkyl thiols on Au were micropatterned by channel-diffused oxygen plasma etching, a method in which selected areas of SAM were protected from plasma oxidation via a soft lithographic stamp. The patterned SAMs were used as templates for site-selective electrodeposition, electroless deposition and solution-phase deposition of functional materials such as ZnO, Ni, Ag thin films, and ZnO nanowires. The patterned SAMs and functional materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and tunneling AFM (TUNA). 相似文献
999.
DeCoste JB Glover TG Mogilevsky G Peterson GW Wagner GW 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2011,27(15):9458-9464
A novel technique for determining the relative accessibility and reactivity of basic surface hydroxyl sites by reacting various zirconium(IV) hydroxide materials with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and characterizing the resulting material using (19)F magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is presented here. Studied here are three zirconium hydroxide samples, two unperturbed commercial materials, and one commercial material that is crushed by a pellet press. Factors, such as the ratio of bridging/terminal hydroxyls, surface area, and pore size distribution, are examined and found to affect the ability of the zirconium(IV) hydroxide to react with TFE. X-ray diffraction, nitrogen isotherms, and (1)H MAS NMR were used to characterize the unperturbed materials, while thermogravitric analysis with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry along with the (19)F MAS NMR were used to characterize the materials that were reacted with TFE. Zirconium hydroxide materials with a high surface area and a low bridging/terminal hydroxyl ratio were found to react TFE in the greatest amounts. 相似文献
1000.
Stefanopoulos KL Romanos GE Vangeli OC Mergia K Kanellopoulos NK Koutsioubas A Lairez D 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2011,27(13):7980-7985
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), contrast-matching SANS, and nitrogen adsorption have been utilized to investigate the confined ionic liquid (IL) [bmim][PF(6)] phase in ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41 and SBA-15. The results suggest that the pores of SBA-15 are completely filled with IL whereas a small fraction of the pore volume, the pore "core", of MCM-41 is empty. The contrast-matching SANS measurements confirm the enhanced solubility of water in IL. In addition, they provide strong evidence that water does not enter the empty pore core of MCM-41, possibly because of the preferred orientation of the IL molecules in the adsorbed layer. 相似文献