Evaluation of nanoherbal gel for anti-warts activity

In the present experimental investigation a novel nanoherbal gel containing iron nanoparticles and extract from Cuscuta reflexa was used as a drug. Synthesized nanoherbal increased the drug solubility and penetration in the skin and is useful as a novel delivery system for better anti-warts activity. The experimental work includes preformulation studies of drug (Cuscuta reflexa) which include organoleptic properties, identification and solubility studies. Spectroscopy characterization was performed for identification of drug. The iron nanoparticles were evaluated for their characteristic such as appearance, viscosity and odor. Various formulations F1–F5 was prepared using different formulation variables based on experiment design. The result showed that the formulation F-5 provide the better release using 5.5 pH acetate buffer and at 37 °C temperature for anti-warts activity. The maximum drug release through synthesized nanoherbal gel was found to be 91.3%. Nanoherbal formulation was evaluated for physical appearance, pH, consistency, spreadibility and drug content. Stability study of formulation F5 was carried out for a period of 3 months to determine the percentage release and the results revealed that the formulation is stable under varied humidity and temperature condition and there was no major change in the amount of drug release during the storage condition, which reflected the stability of F5 formulation.     

A stochastic Lagrangian proof of global existence of the Navier–Stokes equations for flows with small Reynolds number

We consider the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with spatially periodic boundary conditions. If the Reynolds number is small enough we provide an elementary short proof of the existence of global in time Hölder continuous solutions. Our proof uses a stochastic representation formula to obtain a decay estimate for heat flows in Hölder spaces, and a stochastic Lagrangian formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations.     

Beukers-like supercongruences for generalized Apéry numbers

For positive integers \(f_1,f_2,m,l\), the author and Chetry defined a generalization of Apéry numbers \(A(f_1,f_2,m,l,\lambda )\) given by

$$\begin{aligned} A(f_1,f_2,m,l,\lambda ):=\sum _{j=0}^{f_2}{f_1+j\atopwithdelims ()j}^m{f_2\atopwithdelims ()j}^l\lambda ^j. \end{aligned}$$

In this article, we prove certain Beukers-like supercongruences for these generalized Apéry numbers.

     

Scattering length for fermionic alkali atoms

We examine the use of the WKB approximation to determine the p-wave scatteringlength. For this we solve the p partial wave Schrödingerequation and analyse the validity of adopting the semiclassical solution toevaluate the constant factors in the solution. We also calculate the p-wavescattering lengths of ⁶Li and ⁴⁰K for the a³Σ⁺ _u andX¹Σ⁺ _g states respectively using the variable phase method. Thep-wave scattering lengths of ¹³²Cs and ¹³⁴Cs are also calculated.Based on our calculations, the value of the p-wave scattering lengths of⁶Li and ⁴⁰K are -36a_o and -95a_o respectively.     

Mass transfer of volatile organic carbons through aqueous foams

A model is developed to study diffusive mass transfer of hydrocarbon vapor through a flexible foam blanket. The model accounts for the diffusion of hydrocarbon vapor through gas-phase and liquid lamellae, the combined gravity and capillary drainage from the plateau border, the thinning of foam lamellae caused by the forces of capillary suction, London-van der Waals attraction, and electrostatic double-layer repulsion, and foam collapse. Uniform bubble size is assumed, and hence, interbubble gas diffusion arising out of variation in bubble sizes alone is not incorporated into the model. A high-stability aqueous foam formulation that remains stable in the presence of oil (hexane) at foam-oil contact was developed using surfactants, stabilizers, and viscosifiers. Emission of hexane vapor through the foam was measured. The model predicts that the initially taller foam columns collapse faster. Their mass-transfer resistance is higher before the onset of collapse but not very different from that of the shorter foam columns at long times. If the solubility and diffusivity of the hexane gas in the foam liquid are unaffected, the foams with higher viscosities persist longer and provide greater diffusive mass-transfer resistance. Foam bubble size does not significantly impact the mass-transfer resistance of the foam column before the onset of foam collapse. However, the foams with smaller bubbles collapse earlier, and their ability to act as a mass-transfer barrier to the diffusing hydrocarbon vapor diminishes rapidly. The experimental results compared reasonably with the model for varying initial foam heights and bubble sizes.     

Convenient and efficient Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck–Mizoroki cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by 1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazolium iodide and palladium salt systems

A series of 1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazolium iodide salts (4a–c) were synthesized via a three-step reaction sequence. Corresponding anilines (1a–c) were converted to azides (2a–c) which were then treated with phenylacetylene with “Click” chemistry to access 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles (3a–c). Subsequent methylation of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles (3a–c) yielded 1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazoliumiodide salts (4a–c) in appreciable yields. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR, ATR–IR spectroscopic techniques and elemental analyses. Additionally, the structure of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole (3b) was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The catalytic activity of 4a–c in a catalytic system consisting of 1,3,4-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazoliumiodide salt/palladium(II) acetate/base were investigated toward Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck–Mizoroki cross-coupling reactions. The Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions were carried out under mild reaction conditions with good to excellent yields, whereas Heck–Mizoroki cross-coupling reactions were performed at elevated temperature with moderate yields. Further, in situ method skips the synthetic procedure of preparing the palladium(II) complexes and hence is more economical and less tedious.     

MAMT,a new chromogenic reagent for Ru,Rh, Pd,Pt and Au in TLC,and for their evaluation by ring colorimetry

Summary Micro-analytical separations of some platinum metals [Ru(III), Rh(III), Pd(II), Pt(IV), and Au(III)] in mixed solutions of their salts have been carried out by ascending thin layer chromatography on Silica Gel G. 3-Mercapto-4-amino-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazole (MAMT) has been successfully used for the visualisation of the above ions on TLC plates and also for colorimetric evaluation of the chromatographed species by ring colorimetry.MAMT=3-Mercapto-4-amino-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazole     

Detailed heat transfer measurements inside straight and tapered two-pass channels with rib turbulators

Most of the studies on gas turbine blade internal channels have focused on constant cross-sectional areas from entrance to turn. Gas turbine blades are typically tapered from hub to tip to reduce thermal loading. These channels exist inside high-performance turbine blades for providing effective cooling to the blade external surface, which is exposed to high-temperature gas flow. Heat transfer measurements are presented for both the straight and tapered square channels including the turn region with and without rib turbulators. The straight channels will have a uniform square cross-section area of 5.08×5.08 cm². For the tapered channels, the square cross-sectional area reduces from entrance into the first pass (5.08×5.08 cm²) to the 180° turn (2.54×2.54 cm²) and then expands from turn to exit in the second pass (5.08×5.08 cm²). The heat transfer results for tapered channels are compared with results for straight channels. Results show that heat transfer in tapered smooth channels is enhanced significantly due to flow acceleration in the first pass, a combination of taper and turn and flow deceleration in the second pass. Overall, the tapered channels significantly produce higher heat transfer enhancements compared to the Dittus–Boelter correlation for fully developed flow especially in the after-turn region. Based on the results from this study, the heat transfer inside tapered channels in the after-turn region cannot be predicted by calculating local Reynolds numbers and using straight channel heat transfer correlations. However, the first pass Nusselt number enhancement distributions are similar for both straight and tapered channels when normalized using the local Nusselt number based on local Reynolds number. The difference in the after-turn region between the straight and tapered channels is reduced with the addition of rib turbulators.