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51.
Many species of bat use ultrasonic frequency modulated (FM) pulses to measure the distance to objects by timing the emission and reception of each pulse. Echolocation is mainly used in flight. Since the flight speed of bats often exceeds 1% of the speed of sound, Doppler effects will lead to compression of the time between emission and reception as well as an elevation of the echo frequencies, resulting in a distortion of the perceived range. This paper describes the consequences of these Doppler effects on the ranging performance of bats using different pulse designs. The consequences of Doppler effects on ranging performance described in this paper assume bats to have a very accurate ranging resolution, which is feasible with a filterbank receiver. By modeling two receiver types, it was first established that the effects of Doppler compression are virtually independent of the receiver type. Then, used a cross-correlation model was used to investigate the effect of flight speed on Doppler tolerance and range-Doppler coupling separately. This paper further shows how pulse duration, bandwidth, function type, and harmonics influence Doppler tolerance and range-Doppler coupling. The influence of each signal parameter is illustrated using calls of several bat species. It is argued that range-Doppler coupling is a significant source of error in bat echolocation, and various strategies bats could employ to deal with this problem, including the use of range rate information are discussed. 相似文献
52.
Vincent KA Tilley GJ Quammie NC Streeter I Burgess BK Cheesman MR Armstrong FA 《Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)》2003,(20):2590-2591
Addition of an equivalent of a polyaminocarboxylate ligand (L) to a solution of a redox protein and the aqua Eu2+ ion results in the instantaneous in situ generation of a very powerful reductant Eu(II)-L that can rapidly drive an electron stoichiometrically onto a redox centre having an extremely negative reduction potential (lower than -1 V): this is exemplified by straightforward generation of the super-reduced state of the Fe-protein of nitrogenase. 相似文献
53.
Direct detection of ion pairs by fluorescence enhancement 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sensor 1 signals the simultaneous presence of sodium and phosphate with an increased fluorescence signal in the manner of a photoionic AND logic gate. 相似文献
54.
Gareth AD Hardy Nesrina Imami Mark R Nelson Ann K Sullivan Ron Moss Marlén MI Aasa-Chapman Brian Gazzard Frances M Gotch 《Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines》2007,5(1):6-12
Background
Fully functional HIV-1-specific CD8 and CD4 effector T-cell responses are vital to the containment of viral activity and disease progression. These responses are lacking in HIV-1-infected patients with progressive disease. We attempted to augment fully functional HIV-1-specific CD8 and CD4 effector T-cell responses in patients with advanced chronic HIV-1 infection. 相似文献55.
Wenqing Yin Yongcheng Lin Zhigang She L. L. P. Vrijmoed E. B. Gareth Jones 《Chemistry of Natural Compounds》2008,44(1):3-5
A new metabolite xyloketal H (1), was isolated from mangrove fungus Xylaria sp. (No.2508) obtained from the South China Sea. By spectroscopic analyses, primarily 2D NMR methods and X-ray diffraction
experiments, its structure was elucidated.
Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 5–6, January–February, 2008. 相似文献
56.
Stefanie Pötz Heinz Wilkes Matthias Witt Brian Horsfield 《Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM》2010,24(8):1185-1197
Four different geological sample types (a crude oil, a crude oil asphaltene, a reservoir core extract and a reservoir core asphaltene) have been characterized by negative ionization electrospray mass spectrometry at low and high mass resolution using a double‐focusing magnetic sector field mass spectrometer. The mass range, shape of the spectra and the signal distribution of the acidic constituents as well as the average molecular weights, the total ion abundance and signal intensity in the spectra were compared for the different sample types. Nominal mass classes have been evaluated and Kendrick mass plots were generated in order to identify homologous series. For the crude oil sample, accurate mass assignments were made by high‐resolution double‐focusing magnetic sector field mass spectrometry (DFMSFMS) and were compared with those obtained by negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS). With both instrument types, compounds with the molecular composition CnH2n+zO2, among which carboxylic acids predominated, were the main acidic compound class detectable in negative ESI mass spectra. Good agreement was achieved for the double bond class distribution and the carbon number distribution of the O2 class. In addition, minor compound classes could be identified using FTICRMS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
57.
Using filament stretching rheometry to predict strand formation and “processability” in adhesives and other non-Newtonian fluids 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The spinning of polymeric fibers, the processing of numerous foodstuffs and the peel and tack characteristics of adhesives
are all associated with the formation, stability and, ultimately, the longevity of thin fluid `strands'. This tendency to
form strands is usually described in terms of the tackiness of the fluid or by heuristic concepts such as `stringiness' (Lakrout
et al. J Adhesion 1999). The dynamics of such processes are complicated due to spatially and temporally non-homogeneous growth
of extensional stresses, the action of capillary forces and the evaporation of volatile solvents. We describe the development
and application of a simple instrument referred to as a microfilament rheometer (MFR) that can be used to readily differentiate
between the dynamical response of different pressure-sensitive adhesive fluid formulations. The device relies on a quantitative
observation of the rate of extensional thinning or `necking' of a thin viscous or viscoelastic fluid filament in which the
solvent is free to evaporate across the free surface. This high-resolution measurement of the radial profile provides a direct
indication of the ultimate time to break up of the fluid filament. This critical time is a sensitive function of the rheological
properties of the fluid and the mass transfer characteristics of the solvent, and can be conveniently reported in terms of
a new dimensionless quantity we refer to as a processability parameter P. We demonstrate the usefulness of this technique by presenting our results in the form of a case study in which we measure
the visco-elasto-capillary thinning of slender liquid filaments for a number of different commercial polymer/solvent formulations
and relate this to the reported processing performance of the materials. We also compare the MFR observations with the prediction
of a simple 1D theory derived from the governing equations that model the capillary thinning of an adhesive filament.
Received: 22 December 1999/Accepted: 4 January 2000 相似文献
58.
Chiral and achiral bipyridines are readily accessible via a solvent-free Michael addition involving solid NaOH, followed by treatment with ammonium acetate in acetic acid, as a ‘one pot’ more benign protocol, affording pure products in high yield, typically >80%. 相似文献
59.
George A. Koutsantonis Jackson Lee Nigel A. Lengkeek Gareth L. Nealon Brian W. Skelton Allan H. White 《Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry》2010,66(1-2):61-66
The synthesis and single-crystal x-ray structure determination of two new trinuclear metal complexes is detailed. In these we utilise the appended iminodiacetate substituents, in [Co(CH3)NH(CH2CO2H)2sar]3+, to act as a focus for coordination of other metal ions. Thus, we have made complexes of Cu and Ni utilising the basic carbonates of these metals and [Co(CH3){N(CH2CO2H)2}sar]3+ (CoL2) which gave rise to ((CoL2–2H+)2M), M = Cu and Ni. The electrochemical study of the latter was inconclusive and provides the impetus for further study. 相似文献
60.
Gareth P. Keeley Niall McEvoy Shishir Kumar Nikos Peltekis Marcel Mausser Georg S. Duesberg 《Electrochemistry communications》2010,12(8):1034-1036
This communication describes the electrochemical properties of thin pyrolytic carbon (PyC) films created using a reliable, non-catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process. After deposition, the electron transfer characteristics of the films are optimised using a simple oxygen plasma treatment. The redox probes Ru(NH3)63+/2+, Fe(CN)63?/4? and Fe3+/2+ are employed to demonstrate that the resulting material is endowed with a large electrochemical surface area and outstanding electron transfer properties. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to elucidate the morphology and chemical composition of the electrode surfaces. This material represents a new class of carbon electrode, and its large densities of edge-plane sites and oxygenated functionalities make it an ideal candidate for electrochemical sensor applications. 相似文献