Synthesis of corroles bearing up to three different meso substituents

[reaction: see text] We have developed a new method that affords regioisomerically pure corroles possessing up to three different substituents at the meso positions. The corrole formation reaction involves the acid-catalyzed condensation of a dipyrromethane-dicarbinol with pyrrole followed by oxidation with DDQ. ABC-Type corroles were synthesized for the first time according to this procedure.     

Comparative preparations of homoleptic hydridic anions of iron and ruthenium using solution-based organometal hydrogenation techniques

A study of the preparations of the complex hydridic anions [MH(6)](4)(-) (M = Fe and Ru) reveals a number of distinctive features. Here a soluble homoleptic ruthenium hydride has been prepared for the first time. For example, both FeX(2) and [Ru(eta(4)-1,5-COD)X(2)], X = Cl and Br, react with PhMgBr solutions under hydrogen to produce the title compounds. The benzene liberated in these reactions is more readily hydrogenated in the case of a homogeneous room temperature ruthenium hydride preparation to both cyclohexane and cyclohexene. The (1)H NMR spectroscopic data show that the two complex anions have hydride absorptions in the low-frequency region, delta -20.3 and -14.7, respectively. Further, (1)H spin-lattice relaxation times (T(1)) for M-H are longer in the case of Ru vs Fe.     

Über Umlagerungen bei der Cyclialkylierung von Arylpentanolen zu 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐inden‐Derivaten, 1. Mitteilung

On Rearrangements by Cyclialkylations of Arylpentanols to 2,3‐Dihydro‐1 H ‐indene Derivatives. Part 1. An Unexpected Rearrangement by the Acid‐Catalyzed Cyclialkylation of 4‐(2‐Chlorophenyl)‐2,4‐dimethyl pentan‐2‐ol under Formation of trans ‐4‐Chloro‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,1,2,3‐tetramethyl‐1 H ‐indene The acid‐catalyzed cyclialkylation of 2,4‐dimethyl‐4‐phenylpentan‐2‐ol led exclusively to the expected product, 2,3‐dihydro‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐1H‐indene. However, analogous cyclialkylation of 4‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐2,4‐dimethylpentan‐2‐ol ( 1 ) gave a ca. 1 : 1 mixture of 4‐chloro‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐1H‐indene ( 2 ) and of trans‐4‐chloro‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,1,2,3‐tetramethyl‐1H‐indene ( 3 ; Scheme 1). The specific action of the Cl substituent is investigated and a mechanism for this unexpected frame‐work transposition proposed.     

Structural and Functional Implications of the Interaction between Macrolide Antibiotics and Bile Acids

Macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin and erythromycin, are in widespread use for the treatment of bacterial infections. Macrolides are taken up and excreted mainly by bile. Additionally, they have been implicated in biliary system diseases and to modify the excretion of other drugs through bile. Despite mounting evidence for the interplay between macrolide antibiotics and bile acids, the molecular details of this interaction remain unknown. Herein, we show by NMR measurements that macrolides directly bind to bile acid micelles. The topology of this interaction has been determined by solvent paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (solvent PREs). The macrolides were found to be bound close to the surface of the micelle. Increasing hydrophobicity of both the macrolide and the bile acid strengthen this interaction. Both bile acid and macrolide molecules show similar solvent PREs across their whole structures, indicating that there are no preferred orientations of them in the bile micelle aggregates. The binding to bile aggregates does not impede macrolide antibiotics from targeting bacteria. In fact, the toxicity of azithromycin towards enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC) is even slightly increased in the presence of bile, as was shown by effective concentration (EC₅₀) values.     

Agricultural valorisation of de-inking paper sludge as organic amendment in different soils

The objective of this study is to study the influence of de-inking paper sludge (DPS) and sewage sludge (SL) mixtures addition at different rates (2, 4 and 8%) in two soils. Incubation experiments were performed during 60 days and the influence of treatments in physical soil properties was determined by soil porosity and stability of aggregates. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) of amended soils after incubation was performed. Experimental results show that amendment increased biological soil activity, soil porosity and stability of aggregates. DTA analysis shows that the first exothermic peak generally increases with the dosage of DPS:SL due to the addition of immature organic matter. Moreover, the second peak enlarges probably due to the humification process during incubation.     

Versatile transamination in quinonediimine chemistry: Towards a novel class of water soluble UV/violet chromophores

The transamination reaction of 2,5-diaminobenzoquinonediimine (QDI) with ethylenediamine gave fluorescent 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino[2,3-g]quinoxaline (1). When the same reaction was carried out with N,N’-bis(aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine, a novel cationic quinoxalinium species (2) was isolated, which can be further condensed with p-cyanobenzaldehyde to afford a benzimidazolo-fused quinoxaline dye (3) that is a water-soluble fluorophore in the UV–visible range.     

Connection between the upper and lower energy regions of the potential energy surface of the ground electronic state of the HSO2 system

The importance of the HSO(2) system in atmospheric and combustion chemistry has motivated several works dedicated to the study of associated structures and chemical reactions. Nevertheless, controversy still exists about a possible connection between the upper and lower energy regions of the potential energy surface (PES) for the ground electronic state of the system. Very recently, a path to connect these regions was proposed based on studies at the CASPT2/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of calculation but the small energy difference between some of the transitions states along that path suggested the necessity of calculations at a higher level of theory. In the present work, we report a CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z study of the stationary states associated to the proposed connection path, including assessment of the most reliable complete basis set (CBS) extrapolation scheme for the system. Among the new features, the present calculations show that there are no structures corresponding to the HSO(2)(b) minimum and the TS3 saddle point obtained at the CASPT2 level and that the connection path between the upper and lower energy regions of the PES for the ground electronic state involves only one transition state and most probably more than one electronic state.     

trans‐Bis­[2,3‐di­amino‐(R,S)‐propion­ato‐N,N′]­di­aqua­copper(II) dihydrate

The title copper complex, [Cu(dl ‐DAP)₂(H₂O)₂]·2H₂O or [Cu(C₃H₇N₂O₂)₂(H₂O)₂]·2H₂O, prepared from the non‐protein amino acid dl ‐2,3‐di­amino­propionic acid (dl ‐HDAP), has a center of symmetry and a distorted octahedral coordination, with four N atoms in equatorial positions and two water mol­ecules in apical sites. The water mol­ecule of crystallization is hydrogen bonded to the deprotonated carboxyl­ate group of the ligand.     

Validation of a confirmatory method for lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish using UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS

Lipophilic marine toxins are produced by harmful microalgae and can accumulate in edible filter feeders such as shellfish, leading to an introduction of toxins into the human food chain, causing different poisoning effects. During the last years, analytical methods, based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have been consolidated by interlaboratory validations. However, the main drawback of LC-MS/MS methods remains the limited number of compounds that can be analyzed in a single run. Due to the targeted nature of these methods, only known toxins, previously considered during method optimization, will be detected. Therefore in this study, a method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS) was developed. Its quantitative performance was evaluated for confirmatory analysis of regulated lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish flesh according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), yessotoxin (YTX), and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-1) were quantified using matrix-matched calibration curves (MMS). For all compounds, the reproducibility ranged from 2.9 to 4.9 %, repeatability from 2.9 to 4.9 %, and recoveries from 82.9 to 113 % at the three different spiked levels. In addition, confirmatory identification of the compounds was effectively performed by the presence of a second diagnostic ion (¹³C). In conclusion, UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap MS permitted more accurate and faster detection of the target toxins than previously described LC-MS/MS methods. Furthermore, HRMS allows to retrospectively screen for many analogues and metabolites using its full-scan capabilities but also untargeted screening through the use of metabolomics software. Figure

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