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931.
Population balance equations combined with a three-dimensional two-fluid model are employed to predict subcooled boiling flow at low pressure in a vertical annular channel. The MUSIG (MUltiple-SIze-Group) model implemented in the computer code CFX4.4 is further developed to accommodate the wall nucleation at the heated wall and condensation in the subcooled boiling regime. Comparison of model predictions against local measurements is made for the void fraction, bubble Sauter mean diameter and gas and liquid velocities covering a range of different mass and heat fluxes and inlet subcooling temperatures. Additional comparison using empirical relationships for the active nucelation site density and local bubble diameter is also investigated. Good agreement is achieved with the local radial void fraction, bubble Sauter diameter and liquid velocity profiles against measurements. However, significant weakness of the model is evidenced in the prediction of the vapour velocity. Work is in progress to circumvent the deficiency through the consideration of additional momentum equations or developing an algebraic slip model to account for bubble separation. 相似文献
932.
933.
The possibilities of controlling the laser beam properties by a deformable mirror introduced into the laser optical cavity
were studied theoretically and experimentally. The experiments were performed under conditions of an industrial high power
transverse flow cw CO2 laser operating with a stable resonator of a folded configuration. A deformable bimorph mirror of a surface profile controlled
by the voltage applied to the mirror electrodes is implemented to the laser system as a back cavity mirror or as a one of
the inner folding mirrors. The near-and far-field characteristics of the laser beam versus the resonator configuration controlled
by the changes of the focal length of the deformable mirror are discussed in the paper. The analysis reveals that the resonator
with an inner deformable mirror is much more sensitive to the mirror curvature variations than the resonator in which the
deformable mirror is used as a back cavity mirror. The presented results show that dynamic and controllable changes in the
resonator properties result in the controlled modification and optimisation of the laser output power and spatial parameters
of the laser radiation. 相似文献
934.
O. V. Bakbardina I. Yu. Pukhnyarskaya M. A. Gazalieva S. D. Fazylov E. M. Makarov 《Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry》2006,79(10):1726-1728
S-Amino derivatives of O-alkyldithiocarbonic acid were prepared by oxidative condensation of certain alkaloids with sodium xanthates. Some of the compounds synthesized exhibit fungicidal activity. 相似文献
935.
A. P. Avdeenko S. A. Konovalova O. N. Ludchenko 《Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry》2006,42(5):683-688
Reactions of halogens with N-arylsulfonyl-1,4-benzoquinone monoimines occur with the formation of a halogenonium ion that either transforms into a carbocation where the first halogen atom adds to the carbon in the ortho-position relative to the carbonyl carbon, or the halogenonium ion adds directly the second halogen atom. 相似文献
936.
A model for the flow of a fluid through a channel with parallel plates is investigated. The channel is narrow, so that the lubrication approximation may be applied. The channel walls are maintained at a constant temperature. Shear heating effects are included and the fluid viscosity decreases exponentially with temperature. When the flow is driven solely by shear stress or imposed velocity at the top, analytical progress is possible. When pressure gradient also drives the flow the problem is solved numerically. 相似文献
937.
S.N. Abdulmadjid M.M. Suliyanti K.H. Kurniawan T.J. Lie M. Pardede R. Hedwig K. Kagawa M.O. Tjia 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2006,82(1):161-166
We report in this paper the results of an experimental study on hydrogen analysis of solid samples in high pressure helium
ambient gas employing the basic scheme of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). It is shown that the metastable excited
state of helium atom can be utilized to induce delayed excitation of the ablated hydrogen atoms, and thereby avoid the Stark
broadening effect as well as overcoming the undesirable mismatch effect, which are responsible for inefficient excitation
respectively. It is further demonstrated that for samples of high boiling-point materials such as zircaloy, successful hydrogen
analysis can be achieved by a newly introduced double excitation technique employing single laser realized in a modified configuration
of the conventional LIBS method.
PACS 51-52 相似文献
938.
The rutile TiO2(1 1 0) surface is a highly anisotropic surface exhibiting “channels” delimited by oxygen rows. In previous experimental and theoretical DFT works we could identify the molybdenum adsorption sites. They are located inside the channels. Moreover, experimental studies have shown that during subsequent annealing after deposition, special molybdenum nano structures can be formed, especially two monolayer high pyramidal chains of atoms.In order to better understand the dynamics of nano structure formation, we present a kinetic Monte Carlo study on diffusion and adsorption of molybdenum atoms on a TiO2(1 1 0) surface. A quasi one-dimensional lattice gas model has been used which describes the possible adsorption sites of a Mo atom in a single channel of the surface. The atomic positions of a 1.5 monolayer thick Mo film formed of pyramidal chains define the lattice sites of the model. Thereby the formation of three-dimensional clusters could be studied. Here we have studied the cluster formation as a function of parameters that can be controlled in a growth experiment by physical vapor deposition: deposition and annealing temperature, flux and total amount of deposited Mo. Good qualitative agreement with recent experiments is obtained. 相似文献
939.
In this paper, the deconvolution of SIMS profiles analysed at very low primary energy (0.5 keV/O2+) is addressed. The depth resolution function (DRF) of the SIMS analysis in presence of roughness is established and a deconvolution procedure is implemented without or in presence of roughness on samples containing delta-doped layers of boron in silicon. It is shown that the deconvolution procedure can lead to a great improvement of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the measured peaks in the case where no roughness in detected in the crater bottom. In the case where it is present, the conditions required to use a deconvolution procedure are discussed, and the deconvolution is implemented using precise and restrictive assumptions. 相似文献
940.
G.J. Hager 《Applied Surface Science》2006,252(19):6558-6561
Utilizing Au4004+ primary ions produces large molecular ion yields, some in excess of unity, with minimal surface damage. A surprising observation is the occurrence of Au-analyte adducts as part of the ejecta desorbed by a single Au-cluster impact. We present data that demonstrate that Au and Au-adducts as secondary ions (e.g., AuCN−, AuGly− and AuCsI−) are the result of the interaction between a single primary ion, Au4004+ and the target atoms. 相似文献