Etude structurale de la forme ordonnée de LiAl5O8

A single crystal of ordered LiAl₅O₈ has been prepared by image furnace melting and its structure has been determined; 400 X-ray reflections were collected on an automatic counter diffractometer (MoKα radiation). The structure is of the spinel type. The space group is P4₃32 (or P4₁32); the lattice parameter is a = 7.908(2), Å, Z = 4. The value of R is 0.022. The distribution of cations shows the absence of Li⁺ ions in tetrahedral cation sites and 1–3 imperfect ordering of Li⁺ and Al₃₊ in octahedral cation sites of spinel.     

Radiolysis of confined water: hydrogen production at a high dose rate.

The production of molecular hydrogen in the radiolysis of dried or hydrated nanoporous controlled-pore glasses (CPG) has been carefully studied using 10 MeV electron irradiation at high dose rate. In all cases, the H2 yield increases when the pore size decreases. Moreover, the yields measured in dried materials are two orders of magnitude smaller than those obtained in hydrated glasses. This proves that the part of the H2 coming from the surface of the material is negligible in the hydrated case. Thus, the measured yields correspond to those of nanoconfined water. Moreover, these yields are not modified by the presence of potassium bromide, which is a hydroxyl radical scavenger. This experimental observation shows that the back reaction between H2 and HO* does not take place in such confined environments. These porous materials have been characterized before and after irradiation by means of Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, which helps to understand the elementary processes taking place in this type of environment, especially the protective effect of water on the surface in the case of hydrated glasses.     

SYNTHESE DE SELS DE VINYLPHOSPHONIUMS β-SUBSTITUES ET DE SELS D'ALKYLPHOSPHONIUMS β-DISUBSTITUES

Abstract

Vinylene-1,2 bisphosphoniums salts react, in the presence of a base, with compounds ZH having a mobile hydrogen, to give a way of synthesis of β-substituted vinylphosphoniums salts 2 or β-disubstituted alkylphosphoniums salts 3. We have studied the limits of these synthesis depending on the experimental conditions and the nature of compounds ZH (alcohols, phenols, thiols, phosphines, amines).

Les sels de vinylène-1,2 bisphosphoniums réagissent, en présence d'une base, avec les composés à hydrogène mobile ZH pour fournir ainsi une méthode d'obtention de sels de vinylphosphoniums β-substitués 2 ou de sels d'alkylphosphoniums β-disubstitués 3. Nous avons étudié les limites de ces synthèses en faisant varier les conditions opératoires et la nature des composés ZH (alcools, phénols, thiols, phosphines, amines).     

Capillary electrophoresis to assess drug metabolism induced in vitro using single CYP450 enzymes (Supersomes): application to the chiral metabolism of mephenytoin and methadone

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with multiwavelength absorbance detection is demonstrated to be an effective tool for the assessment of in vitro drug metabolism studies using microsomes containing single human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells (Supersomes). Mephenytoin (MEPH), dextromethorphan, diclofenac, caffeine, and methadone (MET) were successfully applied as test substrates for CYP2C19, CYP2D6*1, CYP2C9*1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4, respectively. For each system, the CE-based assay could be shown to permit the simultaneous analysis of the parent drug and its targeted metabolite. Using a chiral micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography assay, the aromatic hydroxylation of MEPH catalyzed by CYP2C19 could thereby be confirmed to be highly stereoselective, an aspect that is in agreement with data obtained via urinary analysis after intake of racemic MEPH by extensive metabolizer phenotypes. The MET to 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) conversion was investigated with a chiral zone electrophoresis assay. Incubation of racemic and nonracemic MET with CYP3A4 revealed no stereoselectivity for the transformation to EDDP, whereas no EDDP formation was observed with CYP1A2. CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 provided enhanced formation of R-EDDP and CYP2D6 incubation resulted in the preferential conversion to S-EDDP. Investigations using racemic MET and human liver microsomes revealed a modest stereoselectivity with an R/S EDDP ratio < 1 which is similar to the in vivo findings in urine.