Bounds in Multistage Linear Stochastic Programming

Multistage stochastic programs, which involve sequences of decisions over time, are usually hard to solve in realistically sized problems. Providing bounds for optimal solution may help in evaluating whether it is worth the additional computations for the stochastic program vs. simplified approaches. In this paper we generalize measures from the two-stage case, based on different levels of available information, to the multistage stochastic programming problems. A set of theorems providing chains of inequalities among the new quantities are proved. Numerical results on a case study related to a simple transportation problem illustrate the described relationships.     

Binding of Androgen- and Estrogen-Like Flavonoids to Their Cognate (Non)Nuclear Receptors: A Comparison by Computational Prediction

Flavonoids are plant bioactives that are recognized as hormone-like polyphenols because of their similarity to the endogenous sex steroids 17β-estradiol and testosterone, and to their estrogen- and androgen-like activity. Most efforts to verify flavonoid binding to nuclear receptors (NRs) and explain their action have been focused on ERα, while less attention has been paid to other nuclear and non-nuclear membrane androgen and estrogen receptors. Here, we investigate six flavonoids (apigenin, genistein, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin, and resveratrol) that are widely present in fruits and vegetables, and often used as replacement therapy in menopause. We performed comparative computational docking simulations to predict their capability of binding nuclear receptors ERα, ERβ, ERRβ, ERRγ, androgen receptor (AR), and its variant AR^T877A and membrane receptors for androgens, i.e., ZIP9, GPRC6A, OXER1, TRPM8, and estrogens, i.e., G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER). In agreement with data reported in literature, our results suggest that these flavonoids show a relevant degree of complementarity with both estrogen and androgen NR binding sites, likely triggering genomic-mediated effects. It is noteworthy that reliable protein–ligand complexes and estimated interaction energies were also obtained for some suggested estrogen and androgen membrane receptors, indicating that flavonoids could also exert non-genomic actions. Further investigations are needed to clarify flavonoid multiple genomic and non-genomic effects. Caution in their administration could be necessary, until the safe assumption of these natural molecules that are largely present in food is assured.     

Isopropenyl acetate: A cheap and general acylating agent of alcohols under metal-free conditions

Functionalized primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols are efficiently acetylated by isopropenyl acetate and catalytic p-TsOH.     

Synthetic Communication: Synthesis of Optically Pure Analogues of D-Arginine Methyl Ester with Antiarrhythmic Activity

The synthesis of the methyl esters of optically pure trans and cis 4-guanidinocyclohexylglycine as rigid analogues of D-arginine methyl ester are described.     

Native and polymeric β-cyclodextrins in performance improvement of chitosan films aimed for buccal delivery of poorly soluble drugs

β-Cyclodextrin (βCD) and its soluble polymeric derivative (EPIβCD) were used to improve the effectiveness of chitosan-based bucco-adhesive film formulations containing bupivacaine hydrochloride and triclosan as poorly-soluble model drugs. The film formulations were characterized in terms of swelling, mucoadhesion and in vitro drug release, while possible interactions between the components were investigated by DSC and FTIR analyses. For both drugs EPIβCD showed a higher solubilizing efficiency than βCD; however cyclodextrin effectiveness in improving the release rate from film formulations was influenced by their different interactions with chitosan. Free βCD acted as a channelling agent, favouring the film swelling, while EPIβCD due to interaction with chitosan caused an opposite effect. βCD was the optimal partner for bupivacaine-loaded films in terms of film swelling, mucoadhesion and drug release. Contrariwise, EPIβCD was the best partner for triclosan-loaded films, allowing the highest drug release rate increase, due to its higher solubilizing ability with respect to βCD. Addition of the suitable cyclodextrin enabled formulation of buccal films with suitable drug release properties.