A combined OH/acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging technique for visualizing combusting flows

A combined OH/acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging technique that provides simultaneous visualizations of regions of unburned fuel and of combustion in a reacting flow is described. OH marks the location of chemical reaction and of combustion products, and acetone vapor, which is seeded into the fuel stream, marks unburned fuel. A single pulse from an ultraviolet laser is used to simultaneously excite both the OH and acetone, and the fluorescence from each is detected on separate cameras. Acetone spectroscopy and chemistry are reviewed to provide a basis for interpreting acetone fluorescence signals in high-temperature combusting environments. The imaging technique is applied to two nonpremixed turbulent reacting flows to assess the utility of the technique for visualizing the instantaneous flow structure and to illustrate the dependence of the interpretation of the acetone PLIF images on the flow conditions.Support was provided for this work by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Aerospace Sciences Directorate, with Julian Tishkoff as Technical Monitor, and is gratefully acknowledged. The contributions of Mr. T. C. Island in operating the supersonic flow facility are also greatly appreciated.     

On a combinatorial problem in geometry

Denote by g(n) the cardinality of a minimal subset C of an n × n square array of lattice points which does not contain the vertices of a square with sides parallel to the axes, but which is such that the addition of any new point to C forces the appearance of such a square. It is proved that g(n) < n^α for some α < 2.     

The heart kernel on the two-sphere

An explicit full solution to the heat equation on the two-sphere is given.     

The ultraviolet spectra of the chloropyridines and chlorinated pyridines possessing a sulfur (-SR), nitrogen (-NR2), or oxygen (-OR) substituent in either the 2 or 4-position: A convenient method for distinguishing such positional isomers

The ultraviolet spectra for a series of 15 chlorinated pyridines which contain a sulfur, nitrogen or an oxygen substituent at either the 2 or 4-position have been examined. A correlation has been established between the position (2 vs 4) of the S, N, or O substituent on the chlorinated pyridines and their ultraviolet spectra. It was found that the chlorinated pyridines with S, N, or O substitution at the 2-position gave ultraviolet spectra whose longest wavelength absorption maxima were enhanced (moved to a greater wavelength and an increased extinction coefficient) when compared to the spectra of the 4-substituted isomers. The difference is great enough so that an easy identification of positional isomers can be made with a relatively high degree of confidence even when only one positional isomer is available. The ultraviolet spectra of all the chlorinated pyridines has been recorded, and it was observed that the number of chlorine atoms, and not their position, was the more significant factor in determining the overall character of the spectra.     

Hinnuliquinone,a bis-indolyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinone pigment from nodulisphorium hinnuleum

A pigment, hinnuliquinone, isolated from the fungus $\text{Nodulisporium}$$\text{hinnuleum}$, has been shown to be 2,5-bis-[2-(1,1,-dimethyl-2-propenyl)1H-indol-3-yl-]-3,6-dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione and to be biosynthesized from tryptophan and mevalonic acid.     

Structures of the gauche conformers of some substituted dimethyl ethers. Effect of adjacent atom lone pairs on methyl group asymmetry

The complete equilibrium structures of CH₃OCH₃ and of the gauche conformers of CH₃OCH₂F, HOCH₂F, CH₃OCH₂Cl and H₃OCH₂CN have been determined by ab initio gradient computation at the Hartree—Fock, double zeta-plus-polarization level. The very large asymmetries in C---H bond distances previously reported from microwave substitution structures are shown to be non-existent in the equilibrium structures and are presumably artifacts. Small differences, different in direction from those reported from the experiments and nearly an order of magnitude smaller in size, do exist. They reflect three factors: (1) a lengthening of a C---H bond which is trans to a lone pair on an adjacent atom, (2) a general shortening of C---H bonds originating at a carbon atom bearing a highly electronegative substituent, and (3) a specific interaction in which a C---X substituent shortens the nearly parallel C---H bond on the other methyl group. The last interaction, not previously reported, is mediated by withdrawal of electron density from the oxygen lone pair which is trans to both groups. Other structural features derived from the microwave studies are supported by the new results. p ]Inclusion of polarization functions in the basis set for oxygen is essential for correct determination of the COC angle and the dihedral angles. The dihedral angles of CH₃OCH₂F and HOCH₂F are not correctly determined by the computation even at this level, although the computed values are improved when d functions are used for oxygen and still more by use of two sets of oxygen d functions. Polarization functions on carbon or on fluorine have no effect on the computed torsional angles. There is no problem in computing the correct dihedral angles with the ---Cl or ---CN derivatives.