Influence of quaternary onium salts,crown ethers and cryptands on olefin epoxidations promoted by HOCl/ClO− in the Presence of Mn(III)-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin chloride

Reaction rates of alkene epoxidations, promoted by aqueous NaOCl and catalyzed by Mn(III)-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin chloride1 (P) in the presence of a lipophilic axial ligand (L) (e.g.N-hexylimidazole) and carried out under H₂O/CH₂Cl₂ two phase conditions at 0°C, are strongly enhanced by lowering the pH of the aqueous phase from 12.7 to 9.5. Under these conditions, a further relevant increase in the reaction rates can be achieved by adding phase-transfer catalysts (PT), e.g. quaternary ammonium salt 3, lipophilic crown ether4 or cryptand5, provided that the amount of L is very small (L/P=1 for very reactive alkenes, e.g. cyclooctene, and 10 for poorly reactive ones, e.g. 1-dodecene). In the case of cyclooctene epoxidation, the use of 0.006–0.03 mol. equiv. of PT completes the reaction in 1–10 min., the initial rates being up to 600 turnovers/min. with (2.2.2,C₁₀) cryptand. In the absence of the axial ligand, the quaternary ammonium salt3 and cryptand5 show an inhibitory effect. Such an effect is due to the formation of the poorly reactive Mn(P)CI species, by Cl– extraction to the organic phase. However, dibenzo crown ether 4 does not show this effect. In the presence of 4, and with L/P =1, the 1-dodecene epoxidation reaches 94% in 1 min. The unique behavior of crown ethers can be explained by their ineffectiveness in extracting alkali chlorides, providing a very low concentration of Cl– in the organic phase and thus avoiding the Mn(III)-porphyrin deactivation.This paper is dedicated to the memory of the late Dr C. J. Pedersen.     

Semiempirical study of electronic and bonding properties of cobalt silicide clusters

The electronic structure of cobalt silicide clusters Co₇Si₇ and Si₇Co₇ was studied in comparison to that of Co₁₉ and Si₁₇ clusters under the scope of the MINDO/SR method. Clusters Co₇Si₇ and Si₇Co₇ represent the environment of a cobalt atom and that of a silicon atom in the cobalt monosilicide bulk, respectively. It is found that the Co? Si bond is essentially sp in character with an indirect participation (by electrostatic interaction) of the cobalt d orbitals. Our calculations show a charge transfer from silicon to the d orbitals of cobalt via sp–sp interaction with an internal sp–d hybridization. The theoretical density of states for cobalt silicide clusters are reported and compared with experimental results of surface spectroscopies. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Energy and mass-number dependence of the dissociation temperature in hydrodynamical models

Transverse-momentum distributions of andK have been analyzed within a framework of the hydrodynamical model to obtain the dependence of the collective transverse flow and the dissociation temperatureT _d inpp- and -induced multiparticle production reactions. The main outcomes are the steadily increasing transverse flow and a slowly decreasingT _d as the incident energy increases. This behavior is in excellent agreement with early Landau's estimate. An extension of this to nucleus-nucleus collisions correctly gives account of the very soft component which has been observed in heavyion experiments.     

Mixed-metal hydride complexes containing ZrHA1 bridges. synthesis and relation to transition-metal-catalyzed reactions of aluminum hydrides

Dialkylaluminum hydrides and Cp₂ZrX₂ (Cp = π⁵-C₅H₅; X = Cl, H, alkyl) were found to react by aggregation to give mixed ZrAl trihydride complexes containing ZrHAl bridges. Reactions of these mixed-metal hydrides are discussed and structural parallels between them and known aluminum hydride complexes are drawn.     

Solvation thermodynamics: theory and applications

Potential distribution and coupling parameter theories are combined to interrelate previous solvation thermodynamic results and derive several new expressions for the solvent reorganization energy at both constant volume and constant pressure. We further demonstrate that the usual decomposition of the chemical potential into noncompensating energetic and entropic contributions may be extended to obtain a Gaussian fluctuation approximation for the chemical potential plus an exact cumulant expansion for the remainder. These exact expressions are further related to approximate first-order thermodynamic perturbation theory predictions and used to obtain a coupling-parameter integral expression for the sum of all higher-order terms in the perturbation series. The results are compared with the experimental global solvation thermodynamic functions for xenon dissolved in n-hexane and water (under ambient conditions). These comparisons imply that the constant-volume solvent reorganization energy has a magnitude of at most approximately kT in both experimental solutions. The results are used to extract numerical values of the solute-solvent mean interaction energy and associated fluctuation entropy directly from experimental solvation thermodynamic measurements.     

Tentoxin as a scaffold for drug discovery. Total solid-phase synthesis of tentoxin and a library of analogues

[reaction: see text] A solid-phase method for the synthesis of tentoxin has been developed. Two key steps-dehydration and N-alkylation-are carried out while the peptide is anchored to the resin. The method, which has been validated by the preparation of a library of tentoxin analogues, should be applicable to the generation of further libraries that have the tentoxin scaffold structure, as well as other structures containing N-alkylated didehydroamino acids.     

Diverse motifs of mannoside clustering on a beta-cyclodextrin core

[reaction: see text] A new method for the synthesis of beta-cyclodextrin-based cluster mannosides by application of the Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction is described. The method allows for the persubstitution of the beta-cyclodextrin at either 2- and 3-positions to give two types of heptavalent clusters, at both 2- and 6-positions to give clusters with 14 mannopyranoside units and at 2-, 3-, and 6-positions to obtain clusters with 21 mannopyranoside ligands.     

SFE of rosemary oil: Assessment of the influence of process variables and extract characterization

The effects of temperature and solvent density on the characteristics of the extracts obtained from supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the volatile compounds from Brazilian rosemary (Rosamarinus officianalis L., Labiatae) using carbon dioxide (CO₂) as solvent were investigated. The experiments were performed in a semi-batch laboratory scale home-made unit at two temperatures, viz. 310.15 and 320.15 K, over the pressure range of 100-160 bar. This study allowed to determine the crossover point and the maximum solubility of the oil. The products were analyzed by HRGC-MS, and compounds grouped in three different classes according to their molecular mass distribution in order to evaluate the influence of the variables studied on the characteristics of the extracts. The model proposed by Sovová was adopted in an attempt to interpret the mass transfer phenomena in the extraction process.