Controlled anodic generation of the catalyst in kinetic continuous flow analysis

Controlled anodic dissolution of copper in a separate generator cell yields well-defined concentrations of catalyst, depending on the voltage applied. This adjustable generation of copper catalyst makes it possible to determine iron over a wide range of concentration (10–1500 μg Fe³⁺ ml^-1) via the iron(III)—thiosulphate reaction. By the copper(II)-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide—hydroquinone reaction, EDTA can be determined as an inhibitor (0.5–5 μg ml^-1) and cadmium(II) as a reactivator (1–10 μg ml^-1). As zinc(II) forms complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine, which activates copper in this reaction, it can be determined (5–50 μg Zn²⁺ ml^-1) by measuring the decrease in activation. The electrogeneration of silver ion as a catalyst is also described. The sulphanilic acid—peroxodisulphate reaction is catalyzed by silver(I), which is again activated by 2,2'-bipyridine. Zinc(II) can be determined (0.29–2.9 mg Zn²⁺ ml^-1) by the same principle as in the copper(II)-catalyzed reaction.     

Catalytic-kinetic absorptiostat technique with the indigo carmine—hydrogen peroxide reaction as the indicator reaction

The absorptiostat method previously described is used for the catalytic-kinetic determination of sulphur compounds (sulphide, thioacetamide. thiourea and thiosulphate) in the micromolar range by means of their catalytic action for the indigo carmine—hydrogen peroxide indicator reaction. The thiosulphate catalyst is activated by iron(III) or aluminium(III); aluminium(III) is deactivated by fluoride. On this basis, iron(III) is determined in the ng range, and aluminium(III) and fluoride in the μg range.     

Structural assignment of isomeric 2-(2-quinolinyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione mono- and disulfonic acids by liquid chromatography electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Positionally isomeric 2-(2-quinolinyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione mono- and disulfonic acids give rise to similar electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmosphere pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectra, which show very abundant MH(+) ions and negligible fragmentation. The MH(+) ions of these isomeric acids exhibit notably different behavior under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. The acids with a sulfonic group at position 8' in the quinoline moiety, adjacent to the N-atom, exhibit highly abundant [MH - H(2)SO(3)](+) ions (m/z 272 for the mono- and m/z 352 for the disulfonic acids), which are of lower abundance in the CID spectra of isomers with the SO(3)H group at other positions, remote from the nitrogen atom. The latter isomers undergo efficient eliminations of SO(3) and HSO(3). The isomeric diacids with one SO(3)H group at position 4 of the indene-1,3(2H)-dione moiety, adjacent to one of the carbonyl groups, undergo highly efficient elimination of H(2)O. Mechanistic pathways, involving interactions between adjacent groups, are proposed for the above regiospecific fragmentations. Pronounced different behavior has been also observed in negative ion tandem mass spectrometric measurements of the sulfonic acids. The distinctive behavior of the isomeric acids was strongly pronounced when the measurements were performed with an ion trap mass spectrometer (LCQ), and much less so with a triple-stage quadrupole instrument (TSQ).     

Ein Trennungsgang in einem Tropfen

Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der bereits früher beschriebenen Ringofenmethodik wurde ein Trennungsgang ausgearbeitet, der folgende Ionen berücksichtigt: Pb, Bi, Cu, Cd, Sn, Sb, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, Zn, Al, Ti. Zur Analyse reicht ein Tropfen von etwa 1,5l aus, soferne die darin enthaltenen Mengen die Durchführung einer Identitätsreaktion noch gestatten. Die Ionen werden in vier Gruppen getrennt, die als Ring I, II und III und Tüpfelfleck bezeichnet werden. Die Nachweisreaktionen werden auf dem Papier mit Hilfe bereits bekannter, für diesen speziellen Zweck aber abgewandelter Reaktionen durchgeführt. Vier Beispiele werden angeführt, bei denen mit 35g und weniger gearbeitet wurde. Die Analyse nimmt nur etwa eine Stunde in Anspruch.

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Summary With the aid of the ring furnace method previously described, it has been possible to work out a method of separation taking account of following ions: Pb, Bi, Cu, Cd, Sn, Sb, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, Zn, Al, Ti. A drop of about 1.5l is sufficient for the analysis, provided the amounts of the cations present still permit the identification reactions. The ions are separated into 4 groups, designated as Ring I, II, III, and fleck. The detection reactions are conducted on the paper with the aid of familiar reactions, which however have been modified for this particular purpose. Four examples are cited, employing 35g or less. The analysis requires only about one hour.

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Résumé Au moyen de la méthode du four annulaire déjà décrite, on a élaboré une méthode de séparation qui concerne les ions suivants: Pb, Bi, Cu, Cd, Sn, Sb, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, Zn, Al, Ti. Pour l'analyse une goutte de 1,5 l suffit en tant que les quantités contenues permettent encore l'exécution d'une réaction d'identification. Les ions sont séparés en quatre groupes qui sont désignés par anneau 1, 2, 3 et tache de goutte. Les réactions d'identification sont exécutées sur papier au moyen d'essais déjà connus mais modifiés pour ce but spécial. On donne le mode opératoire pour quatre exemples exécutés avec 35g et mÊme moins. L'analyse ne demande qu'une heure.

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Für das gro\e Interesse und die stete Förderung meiner Arbeit erlaube ich mir an dieser Stelle dem Vorstand des Institutes, Herrn o. ö. Prof. Dr.Robert Strebinger, meinen ergebensten Dank auszusprechen.     

Nachweis und Bestimmung von Spuren toxikologisch wichtiger Metallionen mit Hilfe der Ringofenmethode

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zum Nachweis und zur Bestimmung von Metallen aus hochverdünnten Lösungen (Konzentrationsbereich 10^–4 bis 10^–7 Mol/l) beschrieben, bei welcher die Metallspuren zur Anreicherung gefÄllt, filtriert und mit Hilfe der Ringofenmethode auf Papierfilter übertragen werden.Das besonders für toxikologische Untersuchungen bestimmte spurenanalytische Verfahren ist sowohl für den qualitativen Nachweis von Cu, Cd, Sb, Pb, Bi, Hg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr und Tl geeignet (Nachweisgrenze in 5 ml Probelösung von 0,1–0,8 g), wie auch für die halbquantitative Bestimmung von Cu, Cd, Sb, Pb, Bi, Hg, Fe, Zn und Tl nach der Methode der Ringofentüpfelcolorimetrie.Die halbquantitativen Bestimmungen lassen sich noch mit insgesamt 4–8 g des entsprechenden Metalls in 10 ml Probelösung ohne Schwierigkeiten durchführen. Die Genauigkeit der Methoden entspricht den Anforderungen bei spurenanalytischen Untersuchungen.

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Summary A method for the identification and determination of metals from highly dilute solutions (concentrations of 10^–4–10^–7 Moles/l) is described; the traces of the metals are precipitated, filtrated and transferred to filter-paper by means of the ringoven method.This trace analytical procedure is especially determined for qualitative and semiquantitative toxicological investigations. Cu, Cd, Sb, Pb, Bi, Hg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr and Tl can be identified (identification limits between 0,1–0,8 g in 5 ml of test solution).The semi-quantitative determination of Cu, Cd, Sb, Pb, Bi, Hg, Fe, Zn, and Tl can likewise be carried out. 4–8 g only of the respective metal in 10 ml of test solution are needed. The reproducibility of the various determinations is satisfactory for trace analytical investigations.

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Herrn Prof. Dr. Ing. Fritz Feigl zum 75. Geburtstag herzlichst gewidmet.     

Double indication in catalytic-kinetic analysis: simultaneous photometric and thermometric indication of the iodine-azide reaction in closed and flow systems

The iodine—azide reaction catalyzed by sulphur-containing compounds is followed simultaneously by optical and thermometric measurements in closed and flowing systems. In the closed system, thiosulphate can be determined in the range 32.4–324 μg ml^-1, by observing the turbidity caused by the nitrogen formed during the reaction and the temperature changes. With the flow apparatus, thiosulphate can be determined in the range 112–1120 μg ml^-1 by continuously mixing the sample and reagent solutions. H₂S in nitrogen 5–100 ppm) is measured by sweeping the gas into the reaction Cuvette. In a third flow procedure, H₂S is liberated continuously from sodium sulphide solutions (0.1–10 μg S^2- ml^-1) by ascorbic acid, and swept to the measuring cuvette with nitrogen.     

“Stat” methods in continuous flow analysis : Determination of Copper,Iron, Iodide and Hydrochloric Acid

A continuous flow “stat” method is described in which a certain arbitrarily imposed state in the flowing stream is automatically maintained by regulating the rate of flow of one of the components. The electronic system is regulated by measuring a physical phenomenon in the flowing solution. The method is illustrated by the examples of a continuous flow absorptiostat [Fe(III)/S₂O₃^2-/Cu(II)]for determinations of copper(II) (1–10 μg ml^-1), iron(III) (25–250 or 12.5–125 μg ml^-1), as well as for determination of iodide (12.8–128 μg ml^-1). A continuous flow conductostat [HCl/NaOH] for determination of 1–2.5 × 10^-4 M HCl is also described. This analytical technique is intended for automatic continuous monitoring of sample streams.     

Antioxidant activity,lipophilicity and extractability of polyphenols from pig skin – development of analytical methods for skin permeation studies

Permeation of polyphenols through the stratum corneum barrier is a precondition for the protective action of polyphenols against oxidative skin damage. Prior to in vitro skin permeation experiments, we developed a method for the quantification of polyphenols in pig skin, including organic solvent extraction and HPLC analysis. Catechine hydrate, epigallocatechin gallate, trans‐resveratrol, quercetin, rutin and protocatechuic acid were chosen for this study as representatives of phenolics with different lipophilicity and molecular weight. The antioxidative activities of polyphenols as well as their octanol–water partition coefficients at different pH values were determined. Extraction of polyphenols from pig skin was optimized by variation of solvent composition, homogenization intensity and time, as well as partial exclusion of oxygen during extraction. The highest recovery rates could be reached by extraction with the methanol–water mixture (90:10, v/v), containing 0.2 g/L l ‐ascorbic acid, after the cryo‐milling for 4 min. Recoveries of 72% for total phenolics, 96% for quercetin and protocatechuic acid, 90% for rutin and 74% for trans‐resveratrol, were achieved. These extraction parameters will be selected for the polyphenol extraction from pig skin for further in vitro drug permeation studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Expanding the Topological Landscape by a G-Column Flip of a Parallel G-Quadruplex

Canonical G-quadruplexes can adopt a variety of different topologies depending on the arrangement of propeller, lateral, or diagonal loops connecting the four G-columns. A novel intramolecular G-quadruplex structure is derived through inversion of the last G-tract of a three-layered parallel fold, associated with the transition of a single propeller into a lateral loop. The resulting (3+1) hybrid fold features three syn⋅anti⋅anti⋅anti G-tetrads with a 3’-terminal all-syn G-column. Although the ability of forming a duplex stem-loop between G-tracts seems beneficial for a propeller-to-lateral loop rearrangement, unmodified G-rich sequences resist folding into the new (3+1) topology. However, refolding can be driven by the incorporation of syn-favoring guanosine analogues into positions of the fourth G-stretch. The presented hybrid-type G-quadruplex structure as determined by NMR spectroscopy may provide for an additional scaffold in quadruplex-based technologies.