Dynamic identification of beam axial loads using one flexural mode shape

In the last decades, various methods have been proposed for the experimental evaluation of tensile forces acting in tie-beams of arches and vaults. Moreover, static and dynamic approaches have been formulated to evaluate critical compressive axial forces and flexural stiffness of end constraints. Adopting Euler–Bernoulli beam model, this paper shows that, if bending stiffness and mass per unit length of a beam with constant cross-section are known, the axial force and the flexural stiffness of the end constraints can be deduced by one vibration frequency and three components of the corresponding mode shape. Finally, data conditions are given to assess a physically admissible identification of the unknown parameters.     

Structure and protonation study of the imidazo [1,2-a]-pyrimidine system in 1H nuclear magnetic resonance

The ¹H NMR spectra of imidazo [1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives have been analysed to study the aromatic character and protonation behaviour of this system. By employing the ‘ring currentn’ model and calculations based on the coupled Hartree-Fock method it can be deduced that a large π-electron delocalisation exists in this heterocyclic system and affects the screening constant of the protons. Charge density schemes obtained by SCF techniques agree with the reactivity behaviour of these molecules. A detailed study of protonation carried out by following the ¹H NMR spectra both in trifluoroacetic acid and in aqueous hydrochloric acid shows that the most probable site of protonation is N-1, but leaves open the possibility of a rapid exchange of one proton between N-1 and N-8.     

Inorganic-organic hybrids of the p,p'-diphenylmethylenediphosphinate, pcp2-. Synthesis, characterization, and XRPD structures of [Sn(pcp)] and [Cu(pcp)

Two new inorganic-organic polymeric hybrids [Sn(pcp)] and [Cu(pcp)], pcp=CH2(PhPO2)2(2-), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The tin derivative has been obtained by reaction of the p,p'-diphenylmethylenediphosphinic acid (H2pcp) in water with SnCl2.2H2O, while the copper derivative has been synthesized through a hydrothermal reaction from the same H2pcp acid and Cu(O2CMe)2.H2O. The structures of these compounds have been solved "ab initio" by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) data. [Sn(pcp)] has a ladder-like polymeric structure, with tin(II) centers bridged by diphenylmethylenediphosphinate ligands, and alternating six- and eight-membered rings. The hemilectic coordination around the metal shows the tin(II) lone pair to be operative, resulting in significant interaction mainly with a C-C bond of one phenyl ring. The [Cu(pcp)] complex displays a polymeric columnar structure formed by two intersecting sinusoidal ribbons of copper(II) ions bridged by the bifunctional phosphinate ligands. The intersections of the ribbons are made of dimeric units of pentacoordinated copper ions. Crystal data for [Sn(pcp)]: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c, a=11.2851(1), b=15.4495(6), c=8.6830(1) A, beta=107.546(1) degrees, V=1443.44(9) A, Z=4. Crystal data for [Cu(pcp)]: triclinic, space group P, a=10.7126(4), b=13.0719(4), c=4.9272(3) A, alpha=92.067(5), beta=95.902(7), gamma=87.847(4) degrees, V=685.47(7), Z=2. The tin compound has been characterized by 119Sn MAS NMR (magic-angle spinning NMR), revealing asymmetry in the valence electron cloud about tin. Low-temperature magnetic measurements of the copper compound have indicated the presence of weak antiferromagnetic interactions below 50 K.     

New C16 fatty-acid-based oxylipin pathway in the marine diatom Thalassiosira rotula

An unprecedented series of C16 oxylipins (1-8) has been characterized from the marine diatom Thalassiosira rotula. Absolute stereochemistry of the major alcohols 1 and 3 was determined to be 9S by spectroscopic and chemical methods. All the described products are formally derived by unprecedented enzymatic oxidation of C16 fatty acids. Conversion of hexadeca-6,9,12-trienoic acid (C16:3 omega-4) into 3 unequivocally established the occurrence of (at least) a specific 9S-oxygenase activity. To the best of our knowledge, the present data reveal for the first time the existence of an organic network of oxygenase-mediated transformations that require C16 fatty acids as substrates in living cells.     

InCl3-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective thiolysis of alpha,beta-epoxycarboxylic acids in water

[reaction: see text] The thiolysis of alpha,beta-epoxycarboxylic acids 1a-e by thiols 2a,b is more efficient in water than in dichloromethane or SFC. At pH 9.0 phenylthiolate generally attacks the C-alpha carbon while at pH 4.0, and in the presence of InCl3 (10 mol %), the thiolysis is exclusively C-beta regioselective. In all cases, the processes are completely anti-diasteroselective, and the corresponding products 3, 4, and 5 have been isolated in good yields. Both water and catalysts have been recovered and reused.     

Asymmetric Diels-Alder, Michael, and aldol reactions using a planar chiral 1,3-oxazol-2(3H)-one derived from (R)-(+)-4-hydroxy-[2.2]paracyclophane

(+)-(R)-[2.2]Paracyclophane[4,5-d]-1,3-oxazol-2(3H)-one exhibiting planar chirality has been used as a chiral auxiliary in asymmetric Diels-Alder, Michael, and aldol reactions of alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxy and enolate imides, respectively. The endo-exo- and face-diastereoselectivity is good and is controlled by the spatial relationship between the prochiral center and the C9-C10 ethylene bridge of the [2.2]paracyclophane moiety. The chiral auxiliary is easily removed and quantitatively recovered.     

UV-laser-assisted liquid phase fluorination of PMMA

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) substrate was covered with liquid 1,2,3,5-tetrafluorobenzene by spin coating. Then the sample was irradiated by a KrF-excimer laser (λ = 248 nm). Thus, fluorine is released from the fluorine-containing precursor diffusing into the polymeric substrate material where it is expected to substitute the hydrogen atoms of the polymeric molecule and form a water-repellent (hydrophobic) fluorinated polymer. After drying out the polymeric substrate, the sample surface was investigated by SEM, EDX, XPS and contact angle measurement method in order to determine the fluorine content and the wettability of the treated polymeric surface as well as the substitution sites inside the polymeric molecule. The measurements indicate some chemically bonded fluorine at the top of the sample layer. A UV-photochemical fluorination mechanism is proposed based on the XPS spectra evaluation.     

Flow and fracture of materials according to a new limiting condition of yelding

Summary In general the theories on conditions of plastification known up till now (Tresca, v. Mises, and others) have only taken into consideration the characteristics of resistance to simple tension and compression, when dealing with structures called upon to resist mainly to tension and compression respectively, without taking into account the inherent resistance to tension and compression respectively of the material employed; this contributory factor is particularly important, especially where the exigencies are very considerable.The theory that we are about to consider has been largely confirmed in the experimental field. Applications to the study of hollow cylinders and hollow spheres serve to clarify the application of the theory in actual practice.

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Sommario I criteri o condizioni di plastificazione noti fino a oggi (Tresca, v. Mises etc.) hanno tenuto conto il più delle volte delle sole caratteristiche di resistenza dei corpi solidi alla trazione o alla compressione semplice per il calcolo di quelle strutture destinate a sopportare principalmente sollecitazioni di trazione o di compressione ripettivamente, non tenendo in alcun conto il contributo offerto in tali casi dalla specifica resistenza alla compressione o alla trazione rispettivamente: (contributo particolarmente considerevole soprattutto nei casi in cui le sollecitazioni risultino particolarmente elevate. Il criterio del quale passiamo a trattare è stato largamente confermato in sede sperimentale). Applicazioni allo studio dei cilindri cavi e delle sfere cave chiariscono la rispondenza della teoria ai casi pratici.